№ 9 (2025)
- Жылы: 2025
- Мақалалар: 18
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2409-868X/issue/view/24347
Бүкіл шығарылым
Articles
The organization of living spaces in the culture of Yakuts during the 18th-21st centuries
Аннотация
This article presents a comparative analysis of the spatial organization of the Yakut rural yard, which reflects the unique cultural, climatic, and historical features of the region. The main focus is on the structure of the yard, the arrangement of residential and outbuilding structures, as well as the functional use of space. Through this analysis, key elements that define the specificity of the Yakut yard have been identified, such as its adaptation to harsh climate conditions and traditional agricultural practices. The article also explores the impact of contemporary changes on traditional spatial organization models, providing a deeper understanding of rural life dynamics in Yakutia. The aim of this study is to examine both traditional and contemporary models of organizing a Yakut yard space, considering historical, cultural, social, economic, and climatic factors. It is also expected to identify the main trends and changes in the transformation. The paper examines the key elements of the organization of the Yakut courtyard space, their functional role and symbolic significance. Traditional Yakut architecture is a complex cultural phenomenon that reflects their lifestyle, adaptation to climate conditions, and deep connection with nature and animals. Through this study, we aim to reveal the main elements of spatial organization and their relationship with cultural traditions. Each element of architecture and the organization of space has its own significance and purpose, creating a harmonious interaction between humans and their environment. The arrangement of the Yakut courtyard is a complex process that reflects human interaction with nature and cultural traditions. Even in the face of modern change, traditional design principles remain important, emphasizing the significance of balance between humans, nature, and culture. Understanding these aspects helps to deepen our understanding of Yakut culture and its place within multinational Russia.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):1-11
1-11
The Dynamics of the Personal Composition of Landowners of the Dorogobuzh District (According to the Census Books of 1659, 1668, 1678): To the Statement of the Problem.
Аннотация
This article is dedicated to the study of a number of issues related to land ownership in the Dorogobuzh District (one of the four districts of Smolensk land that became part of the Moscow state as a result of the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667). The object of the study is various groups of landowners in this region. The subject of the research is the dynamics of different categories of landownership over almost 30 years. Initial steps are taken to characterize the personal composition of the Dorogobuzh landowners. Their quantity, social and gender composition are considered, and possible reasons for the presence of representatives from certain service corporations or non-service communities among them are identified. The sources of the research include census books of the Dorogobuzh District compiled in 1659, 1668, and 1678. Data from the census books, including information about landowners, is transferred to databases. The study of the composition of landowners is conducted using historical-comparative (comparing information from sources of different periods) and historical-typological methods (highlighting categories of landowners). The historical-genetic method helps to make preliminary conclusions about the reasons behind the dynamics of specific landowning groups. For the first time in research practice, judgments about the state of land ownership in the Dorogobuzh District are made based on the analysis of primary information from the census books. It is confirmed that the overwhelming majority of landholdings were concentrated in the hands of the Smolensk gentry. Examples of female land ownership cautiously suggest that in Smolensk, it was preserved under conditions different from Russian estate or patrimonial law. The small number of "renegades" in the census materials indicates a relatively calm integration of the gentry into the community of service people of the Moscow state. The books reflect both successful attempts by the local elite to enter “Moscow ranks” and the emerging interest of Moscow's service people in the Dorogobuzh lands. The census also included Smolensk cavalrymen, Dorogobuzh Cossacks, artillerymen, townspeople, and representatives of other social groups among the district landowners. The gradual restoration of monastic land ownership in the district is shown. All this indicates a comparatively mild integration of the Dorogobuzh District (and more broadly, the Smolensk region) into the structure of the Moscow state.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):12-32
12-32
The Power of the Unworthy: the idea of Party Democracy in the discourse and practice of the Italian "Five Star Movement"
Аннотация
Italy is one of the most interesting countries for studying populism. The defining characteristic of this phenomenon is anti-elitism, which is often expressed by criticism of political parties for building a system of monopolistic control over public life — particracy. The Italian "Five Star Movement" (M5S) is one of the most interesting populist projects, which also actively used criticism of the party-political system in its rhetoric, but at the same time not only criticized the establishment, but also tried to perform politics in a fundamentally different way. The subject of this study is the antiparticracy discourse of the M5S and the influence of this discourse on the evolution of the studied political project. The methodological basis of this study is the historical-genetic method necessary to study evolution of M5S. In addition, qualitative textual and discourse analysis of primary sources were used. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the use of the prism of criticism of the particracy to trace the evolution of the M5S as a populist project. It is found that in the course of the party's organisational centralisation and with the growing integration of the "Five Stars" into the establishment, the Movement gradually reduced the degree of its criticism of party pseudo-democrats. This became especially noticeable during the "Five Stars" tenure in the country's government in 2018-2022. The subject of this article's research remains unexplored in the Russian-language literature on the "Movement". In foreign scholarship, the topic of anti-particracy discourse has been touched upon only tangentially and has not become a reason for writing separate studies. Thus, the aim of this article is to fill the existing gaps and provide a new perspective on the transformation of the "Movement" into a more mainstream party.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):33-53
33-53
Imperial journeys to Siberia in the 19th century: from inspection to symbol
Аннотация
The subject of the research is the visits of the Romanov dynasty members to Siberia in the 19th century. The aim of the study is to show the significance of these trips for the perception of Siberia within Russia and for the formation of the image of power. The analysis covers both the events of the visits themselves and their impact on public opinion, the relationship between the center and the periphery, and the ideas about the region's place in the imperial space. Significant attention is given to the reaction of the local population, the peculiarities of organizing meetings, and the reflection of events in the press. The work allows an understanding of how the rare visits of representatives of the imperial family became notable political and cultural events for Siberia. The foundation of the work consists of materials from provincial press, documents of administrative bodies, and memoirs of contemporaries. The methodological basis includes historical-anthropological and ritualistic approaches, allowing for the consideration of the trips as cultural practices and political rituals. The principles of historicism and systemic analysis link the visits to the development of the empire. Comparative-historical and structural-functional methods reveal their political, educational, and symbolic functions. The research distinguishes the imperial trips to Siberia in the 19th century as a separate category of dynastic visits, examining them as a cohesive phenomenon in the history of imperial policy. It shows that they developed according to the laws of imperial scenarios while maintaining unique features. At the beginning of the century, the trips were educational and inspectional, completing the training of heirs for governance. By the mid-century, they had taken on a representative character, serving to strengthen the dynasty's authority. By the end of the century, the main roles had become symbolic and foreign policy functions related to demonstrating Russia's strength in the east. The novelty of the work lies in emphasizing the combination of all-imperial trends and the regional specificity of Siberia: the rarity of visits amplified their significance, and the population's reactions were marked by particular emotional involvement. The research identified a complication of the ceremonial, an increase in the role of the Cossacks and national elites, which gave the visits political significance. An important outcome was the formation of a stable memory of the events: monuments were erected, annual celebrations were held, streets were renamed, and relics were preserved. These practices reinforced monarchical loyalty, transformed the visits into symbolic acts of connection between the center and the periphery, and solidified Siberia's unique place in the imperial space.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):54-71
54-71
The activities of the legal bureau of the Nizhny Novgorod Peasant House in the 1920s-1930s.
Аннотация
The article is dedicated to the study of the activities of the Legal Bureau of the Peasants' House in the Nizhny Novgorod Province during the interwar period (1920s-1930s). Special attention is given to the significance of this institution in ensuring the rights of peasants, informing them, and defending their interests, particularly in the context of new economic and political realities in the Soviet state. The research is based on archival documents and contemporary scientific literature. The article discusses the peculiarities of the work of the Legal Bureau of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Peasants' House, including statistics on the population's requests for legal assistance. It presents the reasons for the decline in requests, linked to changes in legislation and administrative control. The importance of experience exchanges between various Peasants' Houses in the region, which contributed to improving the effectiveness of educational and advisory work, is emphasized. The reasons for peasants leaving collective farms in the Nizhny Novgorod Province in the 1930s are described. The research methodology is based on the analysis of scientific publications and archival data concerning the functioning and significance of Peasants' Houses in the Soviet countryside during the 1920s–1930s. Documents testify to a serious crisis in the management of collective farms in the Nizhny Novgorod Province in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Irresponsible behavior of leaders, abuse of power, systematic violations of labor discipline, financial machinations, and misleading peasants regarding tax benefits became the main reasons for dissatisfaction and leaving collective farms. Violations committed by the leadership led to significant economic losses, missed opportunities for harvest collection, and financial damages, which worsened the situation of collective farms and diminished public trust in the collective farm movement. These factors contributed to a serious crisis in the village, weakening collective farms and increasing distrust of the state. To address the identified problems, Legal Bureaus were established at Peasants' Houses, with the main task of providing comprehensive assistance to peasants. The Legal Bureaus of the Peasants' House promptly examined peasants' complaints and conducted investigations. The identified violations were forwarded for further verification and punishment of the guilty parties.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):72-81
72-81
Issues and characteristics of the operation of river fleet in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug during the Great Patriotic War
Аннотация
The article is dedicated to the study of the river transport system of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) during the years of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), which is an important aspect in the context of the historical development of Arctic regions in Russia. The relevance of the work is due to the insufficient study of the functioning of the river fleet in the Arctic regions of the USSR, especially in the context of the Great Patriotic War. Domestic historical research has mainly focused on the history of the Northern Sea Route and its significance for military operations, while the role of river transport, particularly in Yamal, remains inadequately highlighted. The object of the study is the river transport system of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 1941–1945. The subject of research encompasses the Salekhard port of the Lower Irtysh River Shipping Company, as well as the fleet engaged in cargo and passenger, fishing operations in the water area of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The aim of the study is to analyze the role of the Salekhard port of the Lower Irtysh River Shipping Company in ensuring the livelihood of the Yamal-Nenets Okrug during the years of the Great Patriotic War based on the analysis of archival data. The methodology of the study is based on the theory of mobilization economy. Both general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and specialized methods were applied in the work. The specialized methods include historical-quantitative analysis, through which the author relies on statistical data to illustrate the scale of transportation. The study, using archival data, revealed the scale of cargo turnover at the Salekhard port, including specific volumes of "northern supply" based on the example of the "Anastas Mikoyan" voyage. It describes ways to compensate for the labor force shortage (weekend work, mobilization) and issues of ship repair under wartime conditions, including the reconstruction plan for the Salekhard ship repair base in 1942. The research expands the understanding of the logistical challenges and adaptation mechanisms of the region's waterway transport system during the war. The Salekhard port, despite limited resources, ensured the livelihood of the economy of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug during the Great Patriotic War, particularly by carrying out key cargo-passenger transportation from the region as part of the implementation of the state plan and "northern supply." High productivity was achieved by attracting additional labor from enterprises in the city of Salekhard through weekend work and mobilizing the population.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):82-96
82-96
American historiography on the problems of the "imperial project" during the period of resettlement policy in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries
Аннотация
The article examines the problems of the imperial project and state policy of Russia in the process of developing Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The object of the work is the analysis of historical and philosophical studies in American historiography. The subject of the study is the imperial project and Russia's policy towards Siberia during the active phase of resettlement to Siberia through the prism of American historiography. The author's conclusions are based on published and unpublished historical sources on this historical issue. The work highlights the main directions on this issue, analyzes and defines trends on the historical topic within the framework of the discourse of foreign historiography at the moment. The migration issue was important not only for domestic historiography, but was also deeply rethought in foreign historiography. The methodological basis for writing the article is the use of a new cultural and intellectual history based on the discursive practice of the scientific community in a certain socio-cultural approach. The problem of empire is one of the most pressing and hotly debated, despite its archaic origin, which only confirms its fundamentality and scientific significance. The article analyzes the approaches of foreign historiography to the problem of the imperial project: the project as colonization, the project as expansion, the project as a continuation of the domestic policy of the state. The work systematizes the main approaches, highlights their positive and negative sides. The role and importance of foreign historiography for understanding the imperial project is determined. The concepts of the imperial project within the framework of the frontier, modernization and colonization are considered, the general and difference are highlighted. The analysis is implemented through the methodology of new imperial history, which allows for a more constructive consideration of the research problems.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):97-107
97-107
The problem of self-sufficiency of Soviet Masters football teams (1950s – 1970s)
Аннотация
This article examines the problem of compliance with the principle of self-sufficiency by the masters football teams that competed in the USSR championship. The author notes that this issue was regularly on the agenda in the documents of party, state, and public bodies, which emphasizes the relevance of this problem for several decades of Soviet history. The reasons for non-compliance with the principle of self-sufficiency are determined. The approaches of the authorities in solving this problem are being analyzed: changing the regulatory framework, taking measures to increase the profitability of teams and reduce their costs, strengthening educational work among athletes, excluding teams from competitions or preventing them from drawing, applying sanctions (up to criminal prosecution) against persons involved in financial violations, changes in the USSR championship draw system. The analysis of statistical materials allows you to work with quantitative data, for example, financial reports of teams. The author continues the scientific tradition of researching state and party institutions. The analysis of the state structure of physical culture and sports management, its legislative base, the hierarchy of state, party and public bodies, and their interaction is carried out. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to conduct a comprehensive analysis of one of the most important economic and social problems of Soviet sports – non-compliance with the principle of self-sufficiency. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is the wide use of published and unpublished sources from the funds of the Russian State Educational Institution and the GA of the Russian Federation in the context of the stated topic. The reasons for non-compliance with the principle of self-sufficiency by Soviet football teams were an ill-conceived system of allocating funds from competitions, problems with the availability of a developed sports infrastructure, excessive spending by teams, "patronage" by party and Soviet functionaries. The situation was aggravated by financial fraud in the clubs. Attempts by the authorities to solve this problem through the exclusion and non-admission of teams, bringing perpetrators to material and criminal responsibility, and calls for strengthening educational work have not yielded significant results. The problem of self-sufficiency of Soviet masters football teams was acute throughout the 1950s – 1970s, but it never found a practical solution.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):108-123
108-123
The International Space Station's place in U.S. space activities from 2000-2017
Аннотация
The International Space Station (ISS) has been the centrepiece of the US manned spaceflight programme for decades. The ISS is the largest facility ever built in space. The station is a prime example of a large-scale technology project of national and international significance. It costs NASA $3 billion to $4 billion annually, and over $100 billion has been invested by the US in the station over time. The author of the article draws attention to the special role of the International Space Station in US space activities from 2000 to 2017, under the administrations of J. Bush Jr. and B. Obama. The International Space Station is a unique project that demonstrates what successes can be achieved by different countries in the course of peaceful scientific and technological co-operation. The author's goals and objectives have led to the use of the following research methods: problem-chronological and historical-legal. The International Space Station also acts as a catalyst for the development of commercial space companies. The Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) programme aimed to stimulate commercial space transportation companies by creating a market for cargo deliveries to the International Space Station. The COTS programme has led to less expensive and less risky options for delivering payloads to NASA and other customers in space. The author concludes that the International Space Station is important to the United States because it keeps the U.S. manned spaceflight programme on track, it hosts scientific experiments and new technologies, and it serves as a platform for cooperation with other spacefaring nations. That is why the decision to extend the station's operation has been taken repeatedly by the United States administration.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):124-135
124-135
The Velvet Revolution in Armenia: Causes, Course, Success Factors
Аннотация
The object of the study is the Velvet revolution in Armenia; the subject is its causes and prerequisites, the course and success factors of the operation to change the ruling regime in this state. The authors consider such aspects of the topic as the political history of the first years of the existence of the independent Republic of Armenia, reflected in a number of electoral cycles; technologies for organizing protest actions by Armenian citizens at the beginning of the XXI century; socio-economic and other causes and prerequisites for the growth of crisis trends in the country on the eve of the events of 2018; the role of internal and external forces in the preparation and implementation of the Velvet revolution, including the personality factor of Prime Minister Sargsyan and his main opponent Pashinyan; finally, the methods of the opposition's struggle against the ruling regime and the reasons for its final victory. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism and scientific objectivity, methods of analysis, observation and a systematic approach. The latter assumes that the object of research is a system consisting of interrelated elements, and takes into account the specific historical conditions in which its development takes place. In this article, such a system is the Color revolutions. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the events of 2018 are considered objectively from a systemic point of view. The authors conclude that the Velvet revolution was caused by both internal and external causes. Among the key factors that led to her victory, it is worth noting the weakness of the ruling regime of Armenia and the effective actions of its opponents led by Pashinyan, especially in terms of using the advanced information and communication technologies.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):136-146
136-146
Analysis of the materials of the journal "Russian Economic Review" for 1897
Аннотация
The subject of this article is the publishing activity of the pre-revolutionary scientific journal "Russian Economic Review". The needs of Russia's economic development brought the information aspect to one of the first places in the publishing activities of the Ministry of Finance of Tsarist Russia at the end of the XIX century, which contributed to the appearance of this magazine. Due to the ongoing changes in the economic structure of society, the increasing share and importance of private entrepreneurs, the role of the periodical press, designed for entrepreneurial strata, increased. It is important to note that the publishing activities of the Ministry of Finance in the last decades of the XIX century were in demand among knowledgeable readers – prosperous, economically active, conscious private entrepreneurs and public service figures, theorists and practitioners of market methods of management. It is thanks to the increased demand from readers that professional publications covering all important aspects of economic life have appeared. The author considers the analysis of archival materials of the journal "Russian Economic Review" for 1897 as the object of research. The emphasis is placed on the features of the journal's content, the analysis of materials published in it on important, from the editorial point of view, economic problems of that time, current political and economic information about events inside the country and abroad, materials of criticism, bibliography. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, using the example of the first year of publication of the Russian Economic Review, domestic and foreign authors of printed articles and reviews on selected topics of the journal and a number of key areas are presented, the views and political preferences of the editorial staff of periodicals of the Ministry of Finance and its leadership are characterized. Having considered the economic circumstances, the development of periodicals, and the activities of the Ministry of Finance in this direction, it can be noted that by 1897 favorable conditions had been formed for the success of the professional magazine Russian Economic Review. The high professional level of the publication was noted due to the careful selection of material, the invitation of authors, and the identification of promising areas of economic development in tsarist Russia. The positive role of the journal is to provide scientific theoretical and practical information to specialists and the entrepreneurial class of Russia.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):147-159
147-159
Scientific and technical activity of the hydraulic laboratory of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute in the 1905-1920s.
Аннотация
The object of the study is the scientific and technical activity of the hydraulic laboratory of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. The subject of the study is the organization and implementation of scientific and technical activities of the hydraulic laboratory. The purpose of the work is to study the hydraulic laboratory as a particularly significant scientific center in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the XX century. The paper indicates the technical equipment of the laboratory, the contribution of the scientists-organizers of the Polytechnic Institute to the formation of national hydraulic science. In 1905, a hydraulic laboratory was opened at the electromechanical department. Its opening was associated with the need to teach students of the technical departments of the Institute hydraulics. In addition to educational activities, applied research in the field of hydraulics was carried out in the laboratory. The scientific and technical activities of the hydraulic laboratory have opened up new opportunities for applied research in the field of hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. I. G. Esman, B. A. Bakhmetev, and N. N. Pavlovsky carried out their research activities in the laboratory. Comparative and descriptive methods were used when writing a scientific article. The principles of historicism and objectivity made it possible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of organizational features and technical characteristics in the creation and operation of a hydraulic laboratory. Among the studies conducted in the hydraulic laboratory were I. G. Esman's studies on the movement of liquids of increased viscosity through local resistances, B. A. Bakhmetev built a tray with a variable bottom slope, which allowed him to study the shapes of the free flow surface. The material and technical equipment of the laboratory, the presence of an impressive instrument range, updating and replenishment of the material base, as well as organizational work on the part of the staff of the Polytechnic Institute led to the fact that the hydraulic laboratory was the leading scientific and technical center in the country. In the hydraulic laboratory, a draft regulating device was created on the discharge channel, a draft water pipeline for supplying warm water to the receiving structure of the pumping station, in the 1920s. In the hydraulic laboratory, the spillway profile of the Yaroslavl hydroelectric dam was tested.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):160-167
160-167
Railway Safety in the USSR: Technical Solutions during the Industrialization Era (1930s)
Аннотация
The subject of the study is the high accident rate on Soviet railways in the 1930s and the measures implemented to reduce it. The object of the research includes administrative, political, and technical solutions aimed at ensuring train traffic safety. The author examines in detail the causes of railway accidents, associated with both human factors and the technical condition of rolling stock and infrastructure. Special attention is paid to state measures to reduce human error, including organizational changes and regulatory improvements. The study analyzes specific cases of accidents recorded in archival sources, illustrating problematic aspects of railway operations. It also considers the development and implementation of new technical devices that played a key role in the evolution of the sector. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival documents, statistical data, and documented railway accidents, enabling identification of accident causes and evaluation of implemented measures. The novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the interaction between scientific and technological progress, administrative decisions, and organizational measures in ensuring railway safety. A special contribution of the author is the identification of the link between improved technical equipment, infrastructure modernization, and regulatory development. The main conclusions are that the technological progress of the 1930s became a significant stage in railway development, enhancing reliability and efficiency. Despite implementation challenges, the Soviet railway safety system proved effective due to the multifaceted and interconnected nature of measures. A comprehensive approach including organizational reforms, technical innovations, regulatory improvements, and strict enforcement was the key factor in reducing accidents and creating conditions for sustainable long-term railway development.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):168-182
168-182
The Works of Gioachino Rossini in the Context of the Risorgimento
Аннотация
The subject of this study is the work of the composer Gioachino Rossini in the context of the era of the unification of the Italian state. Special attention is paid to the analysis of his operas in the opera-seria genre, based on mythological, biblical and historical plots. These opuses semantically trace the moods and motives of the struggle of the Italian people to gain their independence. The author sets himself the goal of identifying in the composer's operatic heritage a national-patriotic subtext characteristic of the conjuncture of the period under consideration. The main source is the libretto for opera productions. An important source is the recollections of spectators of Rossini's opera productions, which help to evaluate the interpretation by contemporaries of the national liberation motives embedded in the music. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, a detailed analysis of a number of opera works by Gioachino Rossini was carried out in order to identify revolutionary-patriotic pathos in them. The results of the study showed that Rossini's commitment to the ideas of the Italian liberation struggle was reflected even at an early stage of his work. The theme of the pride of the Italian people and their desire to free themselves from Austrian oppression developed dynamically throughout a number of the composer's iconic operas and took various forms: comic in the opera "Italian Woman in Algeri", biblical and mythological in the operas "Cyrus in Babylon" and "Moses in Egypt", chivalrous and sublime in "Tancrede" and "William Tell". Gioachino Rossini succeeded in laying the tradition of national Italian opera, preparing the ground for the subsequent generation of Italian composers of the Risorgimento era, the most prominent representative of which was Giuseppe Verdi.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):183-195
183-195
On the question of the origin of the name of the state “Urartu”
Аннотация
The article examines the question of the origin of the name of the ancient state on the territory of the Armenian Highlands – "Urartu". This term in the form of "Uruatri" is first found in the texts of Shalmaneser I, as a designation for the union of tribes in the Oz region. Urmia and the upper reaches of the Upper Zab river. However, according to a number of researchers, the name of the state of Urartu in the form of "Aratta" may be found in Sumerian myths. The purpose of this article is based on the etymological analysis of the ethnonym "Urartu", as well as the analysis of historiographical sources, to show the connection of this term with the names of ancient city–states of Southern Mesopotamia - Ur and Eridu. In addition, the article attempts to link the eponym "Eros" in medieval Georgian sources with the name of the Sumerian city Ur. In studying this issue, historical-genetic, historical-chronological, narrative, historical-comparative and comparative methods were used in the work. According to the author, the name "Urartu" is one of the oldest endo-ethnonyms of the Nakh peoples. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the term "Urartu" and its variants (Uruatri, Urartri, Ararat, etc.) is the result of the addition of Semitic forms of the names of the regions Ur(me) and Ard(ini), located in the upper reaches of the Upper Zab River and in the lake area. Urmia, in turn, goes back to the names of the ancient city-states of Southern Mesopotamia – "Ur(im)" and "Eridu(g)". At the same time, a comprehensive analysis of written sources and ethnographic material conducted by the author shows that the terms Ur(im) // Ur(me) and Eridu(g) // Ard(ini) may be based on the name of the cult of the hills Ur(ni) // Ar(ni) and cult the suns (and forces) of Ard, respectively. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that a thorough analysis of a large volume of historiographical sources is carried out, showing the connection of the term Urartu with the names of cities of the Mesopotamian alluvium. The author also outlined promising areas for further research on this issue.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):196-215
196-215
The main directions of emigration of mountain Jews in the second half of the XX – early XXI century
Аннотация
The article explores the main directions of emigration of mountain Jews in the second half of the XX – early XXI century. Mountain Jews, Caucasian Jews or Juurs, or to be more precise, their ancestors appeared in the Caucasus, presumably in the VI century A.D. The territories of the modern Republic of Azerbaijan and the south of the Republic of Dagestan became the places of their compact settlement in this region. Mountain Jews have always lived in harmony and peace with other peoples in the Caucasus. The situation changed in the 1970s when they began to repatriate to Israel. However, the resettlement movement became more widespread in the 1990s during the disintegration of the USSR. The author analyzes the reasons for the mass exodus of representatives of this community, including political, economic and social factors. Special attention is paid to migration routes, such as moving to Israel, the USA and Europe, as well as the peculiarities of adaptation of mountain Jews in new conditions. The paper examines changes in cultural identity and the preservation of traditions in the context of the diaspora. Among the methods used in this study are the historical method (historical-genetic), historical-comparative method, historical-typological method, historical-structural method, documentary analysis. The study combines historical and sociological aspects of the emigration of mountain Jews, which allows for a more complete understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. The article presents statistical data that were not previously taken into account in research on this topic. New migration routes and links with diasporas are analyzed, which actualizes the problem of identity and cultural adaptation. The influence of political and economic changes in the countries of origin and admission on the dynamics of emigration is investigated. Conclusions: 1. The emigration of mountain Jews in the second half of the 20th century was mainly caused by political and economic difficulties, and at the beginning of the 21st century by the search for better living conditions and integration into new societies. 2. The main areas of emigration are Israel, the USA, Canada, Germany and Austria, where mountain Jews have found an opportunity to maintain their culture and identity. 3. The emigration process had a significant impact on the demographic structure, which led, in fact, to the disappearance of communities of mountain Jews in traditional places of residence.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):216-225
216-225
”GIalgIai" is a common endoethnonym of Ingush societies of the XVI–XIX centuries: an analysis of historiographical sources
Аннотация
This article examines the issue of the general endoethnonym of the Ingush societies of the XVI–XIX centuries. The purpose of the article is to conduct an additional study of historiographical sources to confirm the opinion about the pan-Ingush character of the endoethnonym gIalgIai in the XVI–XIX centuries, as well as to analyze the reasons for the appearance of a version about the local nature of this designation. The chronological framework of the study is due to the fact that the formation of the late territorial societies of the Ingush by researchers dates back to the end of the XVI – beginning of the XIX centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, despite the available work, among modern Caucasian scholars, the problem of having a single name for Ingush territorial groups in the period under review is still an open question and requires additional research. When studying this issue, the author used historical-genetic, historical-chronological, narrative, historical-comparative and comparative methods. In the course of the study, the author concludes that the term "gIalgIai" in the period under study was a common endoethnonym, at least for most of the Ingush societies. However, the Kekellin families sought to become the sole bearers of this common Ingush name. This caused a backlash from some societies and eventually they managed to defend their right to be called Gulgai. Scientific novelty is determined by the formulation of the problem. The scientific novelty is also due to the fact that the author presents his point of view, to a certain extent different from the vision of other Caucasian scholars. The opinion about the general Ingush meaning of the ethnoethnonym "gIalgIai" has been expressed by researchers before (E. N. Kusheva, E. I. Krupnov, etc.). These works, in our opinion, do not exhaust this topic, and some of the theses of respected authors can be adjusted and significantly supplemented.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):226-247
226-247
Jedwabne: The Problem of Guilt in Poland's Historical Politics
Аннотация
The article analyzes the role of Poland's historical policy in shaping national memory and its influence on public discourse about complex historical events. The aim of the work is to identify and systematize the mechanisms and tools through which the state forms and regulates historical memory, as well as to characterize the trends of excluding complex and contradictory aspects of the past from public consciousness. The research pays particular attention to analyzing the mechanisms of historical policy that exclude recognition of responsibility for the crime in Jedwabne in 1941, the publicity of which sparked widespread public discussion in the early years of the 21st century in Poland. These trends, associated with strengthening the image of the "victim nation," significantly influence contemporary political and public discourse. The methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of legislative acts, official statements from the Institute of National Remembrance, as well as discourse in academic and journalistic sources, including qualitative content analysis and historical-political analysis. The novelty of the research lies in identifying a systematic strategy for managing collective memory through legislation and institutions, as well as in the critical analysis of mechanisms of exclusion and distortion of contradictory aspects of history. The applicability of the results includes the development of theoretical concepts regarding memory politics and historical responsibility in the Eastern European region, as well as practical use in preparing educational programs and international diplomacy aimed at interethnic reconciliation and preserving an objective historical picture. The conclusions show that historical policy in Poland contributes to the consolidation of a one-sided perception of the past, hindering open and critical historical discussion, while also forming a stable model of national identity based on victimhood and the exclusion of responsibility for past crimes.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(9):248-256
248-256