Formation of productivity of spring wheat ear in arid climate of Orenburg Urals

The relevance of the study is determined by the need for timely assessment of spring wheat varieties, including newly created ones, depending on changing weather factors in the cultivation area. The purpose of the study was to analyze the indicators of the ear of spring wheat varieties, which is the main element of sowing productivity. The materials for the research were yield data, indicators of the yield structure of spring soft wheat varieties obtained in field experiments conducted in the conditions of the Orenburg Urals during 2019—2020 and 2022—2023. The research methods included field experiments, structural analysis of accounting sheaf material, ranking of varieties by years of experiments and their final ranking, correlation and regression analysis of dependence of yield on ear productivity. The growing conditions of spring wheat in the years of research were characterized by significant aridity. The grade assessment of the varieties showed a significant dependence of their productivity on weather conditions and their ecological adaptation. The graphs showed that the theoretical yield in the range from 14.9 c/ha to 19.1 c/ha corresponds to: 25.7 grains per ear, 35.8 g — weight of 1000 grains, 13.6 spikelets per ear, 0.75 g — weight of grains per ear. The actual indicators of ear productivity elements were given by years of experiments with an analysis of their varietal differences and depending on the conditions of the year. We can conclude that weather factors cause differences in the response of varieties to their variability, expressed in their yield level under similar conditions. Varieties created at a later time are characterized by greater ecological plasticity with increasing yields and formation of a much more complete ear. Such varieties include Ulyanovskaya 105, Orenburgskaya 30, Tulaykovskaya zolotistaya. The varieties least adapted to the stress factors of the weather include Uchitel, Saratovskaya 42.