Том 12, № 3 (2024)

Objective: To investigate the problem of the terminological precision of the most relevant qualities possessed by cosmopolis in the pre-modern world where the representatives of Western and Eastern faith acted equals in various written and spoken languages.

Research materials: The “Codex Cumanicus” composed in Caffa at the turn of the 13^th–14^th centuries; the lexis of medieval urbanism in three languages (Latin, Persian, and Comanian) selected from it; “Libellus de notitia orbis” of Iohannes de Galonifontibus with a description of multilingual Caffa from the early 15^th century.

Results and novelty of the research: From the “Codex Cumanicus” was first isolated the lexis of medieval urbanism, dispersed throughout four semantic fields: representation of cosmopolis in the physicality, legally, the sociocultural data, and the ethical community. The representation of cosmopolis in the physicality found untranslatability to eastern languages such Latin terms as “murus”, and “vacuum”, calling attention to essential attributes of urban physis – stone walls, and public places. The representation of cosmopolis in the legally data proved the failure to communicate such thing as a “libertas”, the key characte­ristic of a free city; the Latin term “civitas”, a community of citizens, was adapted in Coman language only through Sogdian analogy of “känd”. The concept “lex”, law, was perceived only through the Jewish approach of “ˈtorə”. The representation of cosmopolis in the sociocultural data did reflect the richness of terms which represented the merchants, traders, bankers, artisans, warriors, and those in the service, education, and entertainment industries; most of them entered the language as a borrowings from Persian and Arabic. The representation of cosmopolis as ethical community explained the rethinking any archaic thought forms of the earlier polytheistic mind moving toward the monotheistic idea; the central concept of Western culture “Deus”, God, was reinterpreted in the most distant Eas­tern cultures as “Tengri” like the designation used earlier for the supreme sky deity of all Asian nomads; the universal theories for both West and East about the four elements and four bodily fluids reflected the relation between the world and man, as macrocosm and microcosm, really integrated citizens of different faiths and languages into the ethical community. This research uses the cognitive science and mental mapping methods. The first allows one to inquire on the terms, ideas, linguistic units, verbal codes in which was treated the cosmopolis in the pre-modern world. The second makes it possible to visualize a distribution of lexical triads according to the degree of positivity / negativity, nearness / distance in transmitting meanings from Latin in Eastern^**.

^** The article is based on the Report presented at the II International Ural historical Forum “City in the Context of global and regional History: for the 300^th Anniversary of Ekaterinburg” (Ekaterinburg, Ural Federal University, 7–9 September 2023).

Objective: to determine the origin and content of the term «danshiki» in the text of the jarlyk of Mengu-Timur.

Research materials: charters issued to Russian Metropolitans by the rulers of the Golden Horde, jarlyks of Tokhtamysh and Timur-Khutlug, jarlyks of Ilkhans and Yuan emperors, chartered and contractual charters of Russian princes, Russian chronicles.

Results and novelty of the research: the article considers the term «danshiki» (tax collectors), recorded in the earliest document of the Short Collection of charters issued by the rulers of the Golden Horde to Russian metropolitans. This term is not found in other well-known documents, both Golden Horde and originating from other regions of the Mongolian Empire. An analysis of the totality of Mongolian and Russian sources showed the insertion of the term «danshiki» in the jarlyk of Mengu-Timur. It seems that this word was introduced into the text of the document by the Russian translator of jarlyks. In the jarlyk of Mengu-Timur, the term «danshiki» replaces the words «tamojniki» and «poberejniki» of other Khan’s jarlyks issued to Russian metropolitans.

Abstract. The purpose of this study, based on a comparison of written and numismatic sources, is to reconstruct facts from the life and reign of two different khans who bore the name Giyath al-Din.

Reserch materials: The article uses both previously published materials from written sources and recently discovered numismatic data (some are published for the first time). Among the written sources, texts are drawn that do not directly contain the name Giyath al-Din, however, according to the author, they describe some moments in the life of characters with this name.

Scientific novelty and research results: it was established that the proposed A.L. Pono­marev’s version of the origin of Khan Bek-Sufi was not confirmed. In the Genoese texts of Kaffa, the emperor, the brother of “Tavlatberdi”, should be considered Giyath al-Din, the son of Tashtimur. This khan ascended the throne in AH 819. He renounced power In the next decade, but remained to live in Crimea and retained his title. He was killed in AH 838. by order of Sayyid Ahmad II. He was the father of Hajji Giray khan. Another ruler was Giyath al-Din, son of Shadibek-khan. At the end of AH 828 - beginning 829 he seized the throne of Saray, restoring the power of the Numaghans in the Great Horde. Died in AH 831. His son Mustafa was the khan of the Great Horde for some time, then he was the ruler of Khorezm for several years.

Purpose of the study: To consider specific examples to substantiate the pro-Shibanid orientation of the work of Utemish-hajji, formed in the research literature. To analyze these examples in a comparative historical vein using a wide range of written sources, and on this basis note some stylistic features of the written heritage of the Khiva historian. The final part provides a brief analysis of the works of those medieval authors whose main focus is indeed on the Shibanid dynasty.

Research materials: The main sources for this article were two manuscripts of the works of Utemish-hajji published in Russian – “Chingiz-name” and “Kara tawarikh”. Also used are synchronous Arab and Persian historians of the 15th–17th centuries, and materials from Russian chronicles.

Research results. It has been determined that the arguments for the author’s pro-Shibanid position presented in historiography are not entirely correct, as demonstrated by relevant passages from the work of Utemish-hajji. In both manuscripts of the work, the Shibanid dynasty indeed occupies an important role, but politically it does not stand out from the rest of the descendants of Jochi. The only exception is the founder of the Shiban dynasty whose military exploits are highlighted by the author. In addition, Utemish-hajji’s poor knowledge of the genealogy of the ruling dynasty is noted, which indirectly indicates that the goals and objectives of the work he performed were aimed at building one’s own version of the history of the Golden Horde. This approach was partly due to the sources of the information received. The plot of the work contrasts strongly with works that can be classified as Shibanid historiography. A typical example here is the work of Masud Kukhistani, who built his work around the personality of Abu l-Khair. Separately, it is worth noting a number of episodes discussed in the article (the reign and death of Khizr, the end of the Batuid dynasty), information about which could be gleaned from written sources. All of the above raises pressing questions of research into the goals and objectives set for the chronicler, as well as clarification of the specific ideological orientation of the work.

The purpose of the study: To demonstrate the ideological justification for the annexation of Siberia to Russia in the story of the Remezov Chronicle, “On the Ancient Prophecy”, associated both with the traditional motive of revenge for violation of borders by the Tatars, and with fundamentally new reasoning that corresponds to the historical situation of the late 17th century.

Research materials: Siberian chronicles of the 17th century: Esipov Chronicle, Stroganov Chronicle, Remezov Chronicle. The main place is occupied by the story found in the Remezov Chronicle about the “Ancient prophecy”.

Results and novelty of the research: Russia's advance into Siberia in the 17th century had pragmatic economic grounds, but the Siberian chronicles were obliged to have shown other, more sublime reasons. The first Siberian chronicles believed that the reasons for Russian successes were Divine Providence, and the invasion of military detachments was associated with the need to conduct missionary work. But only the Remezov Chronicle of the late 17th century first offered the reader logical reasons for the need to conquer the vast, rich lands of Siberia. Without denying the factor of Divine agency, there was a traditional motive of revenge on the Tatars for violating sacred borders during the invasion of the 13th century. The Russians took revenge for the Tatar yoke. This idea of sacred boundaries is very early for Russian literature. The destruction of the Siberian kingdom of Kuchum by the Cossacks was a logical aim in Moscow’s fight against the Horde. The original idea was mainly framed as the need to conquer Siberia to prevent a new Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Purpose of the study: to identify sources on everyday life during the Crimean Khanate. An attempt to reconstruct individual episodes of everyday life through the study and reference to materials of the epistolary genre.

Research materials: The article analyzes and translates into Russian a letter from Suleiman Effendi to his wife, presumably written during the Polish-Turkish War (1632–1634). This letter was published in 1864 in the collection of V. Velyaminov-Zernov “Materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate”, but until today it remained completely unexplored.

Results and scientific novelty: The topic of everyday life during the Crimean Khanate period remains unstudied and unconsidered. In view of this circumstance, the relevance of the problem raised in the study lies in identifying and considering sources containing descriptions of individual aspects of everyday life. The work examines a letter of a private nature, which reveals several aspects from the past: the private life and relationships of people in the family, the ethics of mental behavior in society, the tactics and techniques used by the warring parties during military campaigns, the names of historical figures, the language of that time. Based on the research and identification of sources of the epistolary genre, the author comes to the conclusion that today the letters of a private nature from the period of the Crimean Khanate are very rare. An analysis of the contents of the letter suggests that there was correspondence between Suleiman Effendi and his wife, and this letter is Suleiman Effendi’s response to a letter sent earlier by his wife. It also turns out that letters from military campaigns were probably delivered by special mounted messengers.

Research objectives: An analysis of official documents and notes of foreign contemporaries to clarify some aspects of political and legal life of the Chaghadai Ulus and early Timurid state in the 13^th– beginning of 15^th centuries.

Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are official documents (diplomatic correspondence), travelers’ reports and notes, diaries and memoirs of travelers from different countries of Europe and Asia who visited the Chaghadai Ulus with different missions in the analyzed period as well as some official documents (diplomatic correspondence) between foreign and Mongol rulers. The methods of research are formal and historical legal research of historical documents, comparative legal analysis as well as historical approach in general.

Scientific novelty: The state structure and legal relations in the Chaghadai Ulus and early Timurid state still have not been objects of special research. The author proposes to use works of foreign contemporaries as a tool to clarify some questions of political and legal life in the Chaghadaid state, finding similarities with other Chinggisid states and specific features of the region, its traditions, etc.

Results of the research: The information of the analyzed historical documents, naturally, doesn’t allow one to reconstruct all aspects of political structure of Chaghadai Ulus and early Timurid state and their legal system in general, but adds valuable details to the information of other sources on history of this state – that is, historical chronicles (mainly of Timurid age) and legal monuments (khans’ yarliks and other official documents of the ulus). At that, we cannot ignore the fact that the Chaghadai Ulus before Timur was not considered as a full and authoritative member of international relations which is why contemporaries paid more attention to other Chinggisid states: The Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Yuan Empire. However, the analysis of contemporaries’ notes could stimulate scholars to study some specific aspects of the Chaghadai Ulus’ history which were not researched before.

Results and scientific novelty. The reviewed book consists of four chapters. The first one is devoted to the history of research of the Shaybanids and the Taibugid statehoods in the south of Western Siberia, as well as to the theoretical and methodological approaches to the issues of ethnic history reconstruction in the Russian and Kazakh historical fields. The second chapter deals with "Historical memory as the source of the history of the Siberian ulus". It presents memory artefacts of the so-called Siberian ulus in the Kazakh epos poetry and in historical legends on "The materials on Kyrgyz land use". The sources presented here are virtually unknown to Russian researchers and they open new opportunities for the study of some issues of the late medieval Siberian statehood history. The third chapter raises issues of the prehistory of the Siberian ulus, with special attention given to the ulus of Taibugi, the study of whose descendants has recently taken the lead in Kazakh medieval studies. The fourth chapter is devoted to the history of the Siberian ulus, divided into separate stages (13th–14th centuries, the period of the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Siberian Khanate).

The reviewed monograph is an important stage in the formation of modern Kazakh historiography on the issues of further study of the late medieval history of Western Siberia. It reveals some new sources, unknown or little known in earlier Russian historical science; there are interesting and original ideas on ethnic relations of the Siberian and Kazakh population and the origin of the Siberian princely dynasty of the Taibugids, which need further reflection. However, ignoring many achievements of the latest Russian historiography and its selective quoting, refusal to build an accurate chronology, skipping entire decades in the generalising conclusions, and the choice of the term "Siberian ulus", which has not revealed its full potential, raise the question as to what extent the authors were really able to create a quality study on the role of the Shibanid statehood in the history of the formation of the Kazakh people.

On August 19, 2024, Astana hosted an international conference on "Topical issues on the history of the Kazakh Khanate from the second half of the 15th – first half of the 18th century". On August 20–21, another international conference was held, entitled, "Ethnopolitical history of the Jochi, Chagatai, Haidu and Moghulistan uluses" and dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Jochid Ulus. The event was organized by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Scientific Institute for the Study of the Jochid Ulus. More than 70 leading scientists, specialists and researchers researching the history of nomadic societies and empires, including the history of the Kazakh Khanate and the Golden Horde, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, China, Canada, Japan, and Austria participated in the conferences.

The conferences discussed the issues of studying the Kazakh Khanate and the ethnopolitical history of the Jochi, Chagatai, and Haidu Uluses which were formed during the collapse of the Mongolian Empire. Moreover the participants discussed the issues of developing the fourth volume of the History of Kazakhstan and creating a separate book dedicated to the history of the Kazakh Khanate. Within the framework of the 2^nd conference dedicated to the history of the Jochi, Chagatai, Haidu uluses, and Moghulistan, a private screening was organized for the documentary film "Batu: Historical Detective" created by Kazakh director Rashid Nugmanov. The was contributed to by historians and researchers from Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Mongolia, France, Canada and the USA.