Sedation and analgesia during manipulation in children
- Authors: Aleksandrovich Y.S.1, Pshenisnov K.V.1, Aleksandrovich I.V.2
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Affiliations:
- St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University
- Issue: Vol 10, No 1 (2020)
- Pages: 103-112
- Section: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2219-4061/article/view/123485
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/psaic647
- ID: 123485
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Abstract
The article provides an overview of modern methods of sedation and analgesia during therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations in children, indicates indications and contraindications. Special attention is paid to the assessment of sedation and anaesthesia effectiveness, scales used for this purpose in children of different ages are described, criteria of sedation depth are given, equipment and measures necessary to ensure patient safety during manipulation are described. It has been noted that BIS index values correlate with sedation scales in children and adults, but values that determine deep sedation in children are currently not clearly defined, which requires further research. Drugs for sedation, their main characteristics and limitations for use are presented. The differences between sedation and monitored anesthesiology care (MAC), which can be provided only by a qualified anesthesiologist, are described in detail. It has been demonstrated that monitored anesthesiologic care implies deep sedation with control of vital functions, control of breathing and hemodynamics during manipulation, and it is noted that capnography is a mandatory element of monitoring in this type of anesthesiologic care in order to detect apnea as early as possible. Criteria for recovery of consciousness after completion of sedation are specified, which include normal airway, adequate ventilation, stability of hemodynamic, restoration of initial level of consciousness, motor activity and possibility to receive liquids through mouth in absence of vomiting. It is noted that the average time from the end of procedural sedation to the restoration of the original state is about 2 hours.
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##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Yuriy S. Aleksandrovich
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: jalex1963@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2131-4813
Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, head of the department of anesthesiology and intensive care and emergency pediatrics postgraduate education
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgKonstantin V. Pshenisnov
St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University
Email: Psh_K@mail.ru
Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor of anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency pediatrics postgraduate education
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgIrina V. Aleksandrovich
I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University
Email: iralexzz15@gmail.com
Cand. Sci. (Med.), associate professor of pediatrics and neonatology и неонатологии State budget institution of higher professional education
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgReferences
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