Education and law

The article considers the parliamentary law of the Russian Federation as a set of constitutional and legal norms, procedures and institutions that ensure the organization and activities of the Federal Assembly, its chambers and their bodies. The legal nature of the parliamentary procedures and regulations of the chambers, the specifics of the sources of parliamentary law and their place in the system of law are analyzed. Special attention is paid to parliamentary control as a constitutionalized direction of parliament, its forms and limits, as well as relationships with other control mechanisms (including the Accounts Chamber). The thesis is substantiated that parliamentary law in Russia is in the phase of transition from “regulatory constitutionalism” to “data-managed parliament,” where the quality of the procedure becomes measurable and auditable.

The article addresses a number of legal issues related to various aspects of forced migration. The author analyzes the available research on the problem, refers to the practice of the work of state authorities and public organizations. The problems of protecting the rights of refugees are considered. State administration in the area under study is analyzed. A set of problems related to migration was identified, measures were proposed to eliminate them. Refugee protection is seen as a state’s humanitarian activity. The author analyzes the relevant responsibilities, as well as emerging problems. At the same time, the article contains the conclusion that despite the inadmissibility of violation of the rights and freedoms of refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as the right of citizens to free movement, the state must clearly ensure public interests in the field of migration. The existing asylum mechanism in Russia does not meet modern international standards. However, there is also the dignity of the established practice of granting asylum - it repels many asylum seekers from Russia, in fact, for economic reasons. Asylum seekers do not have to rely on serious economic assistance in the Russian Federation.

This article examines the need to increase the age for receiving social support as a continuation of the state’s demographic policy aimed at adapting to population aging.

The article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the development of state anti-corruption policy in a post-industrial society. The main focus is on analyzing the key factors influencing the spread of corruption and identifying ways to combat it.
The paper examines the impact of digitalization on social processes and identifies the features of corruption in a digital society. Special attention is paid to the problem of the interaction of technologies and values in the context of the sustainable development agenda, and the role of public-private partnership in innovative development is emphasized.
Based on the analysis of the current situation and existing problems, the study draws conclusions about the need to strengthen state regulation and an integrated approach to combating corruption at all levels of government and in certain areas within the framework of public law policy.
The article will be useful for researchers dealing with corruption issues, as well as specialists in the field of public administration and anti-corruption policy development.

This article provides an in-depth scientific and legal analysis of the amendments to Russian legislation governing the right to higher education. It examines the evolution of the regulatory framework for Russian higher education, analyzes current federal laws and regulations, and identifies problematic aspects of competition for state-funded places, the social fairness of access to universities, and the role of fee-based education. It utilizes empirical data reflecting statistics on access to universities, citizens’ attitudes toward fee-based education, and socioeconomic barriers, supported by references to research by Russian legal scholars.
The analysis is conducted based on specific articles of Federal Law No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2012 (hereinafter, “Federal Law No. 273-FZ”) and related regulations, including bylaws governing admissions, targeted admissions, quotas for the education of foreign students, and the licensing and accreditation of educational organizations. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of regulations that discriminate against socially vulnerable groups, as well as gaps in the regulation of educational loans and social support. The article concludes with specific recommendations for legislative and regulatory changes aimed at enhancing equal access to higher education, increasing the transparency of admissions, and strengthening state oversight of the quality of educational services.
The article forecasts possible developments, taking into account current legislative trends and reforms, and emphasizes the need for a systemic approach to ensuring the constitutional right to higher education.

The presented article analyzes the problems of legal regulation of advocacy in the Russian Federation and provides possible ways to solve them. The current legislation regulating the practice of law is analyzed, its disadvantages and positive features, including the latest changes, are highlighted.

The article examines the theoretical and regulatory foundations of parliamentary oversight as an element of the public-law control system in the field of entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal nature and content of parliamentary oversight, assess the existing normative framework, and analyse its influence on the implementation of state control and supervision policy, as well as to clarify its position within the system ensuring legality in business activities. The research draws upon the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 77-FZ “On Parliamentary Oversight,” Federal Law No. 248-FZ, the Rules of Procedure of both chambers of the Federal Assembly, and subordinate acts of the Government of the Russian Federation. The study also uses findings from Russian legal scholarship, including statistical data on inspection dynamics, evaluations of control and supervision reforms, and entrepreneurs’ perceptions of administrative burden. The analysis reveals inconsistencies in the legal regulation of parliamentary oversight, the absence of direct mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of control legislation, and insufficient integration of statistical and analytical data into parliamentary procedures. Based on the results, the article proposes amendments aimed at strengthening parliamentary oversight, enhancing its impact on law enforcement practice in the business sphere, and ensuring a balance between public and private interests. The findings may be applied in legislative work, expert analysis, and academic instruction.

The article considers a wide variety of approaches to understanding the legal nature of a secular state. From theoretical and constitutional legal positions, the category of “secularism of the state” was studied, the author summarized and systematized the main features of a secular state. The study argued the author’s point of view about the special value of the secular nature of the Russian state in the modern constitutional and legal context, to ensure Russia’s national security and constructive state-confessional and interfaith interaction.

In the article the author analyzes the legal foundations of ensuring the concept of public events. Conducts a critical analysis of federal and regional legislation regulating the mechanisms of ensuring the right of a citizen to hold a public event. Justifies the need to minimize the powers of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in matters of ensuring public events and centralization (codification) of legislation on public events in the interests of ensuring national security. The article outlines some shortcomings in the current legal regulation of public events: the blurring of the subjects of a public event organizer/participant; the inconsistency of regional legislation with the constitutional guarantees enshrined in Articles 29 and 31 of the Constitution; and differences in the practice of coordinating public events.

In the modern world, employment issues play a key role in the socio-economic development of the state and ensuring social stability of society. Federal executive bodies have a wide range of competencies and powers in regulating this area, which determines the effectiveness of state policy in the labor market. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the activities of key federal executive bodies – the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation and the Federal Service for Labor and Employment. The main directions of their activities are examined, including the development and implementation of state policy in the field of labor and employment, normative legal regulation of labor relations, implementation of control and supervisory functions, management of the social insurance system, provision of state services in the field of promoting employment and protection against unemployment. Special attention is paid to the delineation of powers between the Ministry of Labor of Russia and Rostrud, analysis of their functions and mechanisms of interaction in the process of implementing state employment policy. The author examines problematic aspects in the activities of these authorities and offers recommendations for improving regulatory legal regulation. The article analyzes specific examples of implemented measures, including the national strategy to reduce the level of shadow employment for 2025-2027, the monitoring system of the labor market condition, professional training and retraining programs for unemployed citizens. The study demonstrates the significance of coordinating the activities of federal executive bodies and their territorial structures to ensure the effective functioning of the employment system of the population in the Russian Federation.

The present study examines the legal mechanism of interaction between the state and civil society institutions within the system of public oversight of entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to identify the normative, organizational, and functional characteristics of this mechanism and to assess its effectiveness in ensuring a balance between public and private interests. The study addresses several key objectives, including the analysis of the legal nature of public oversight, its relationship with state control, and the specific features of civil society institutions engaged in monitoring the activities of executive authorities. Special attention is paid to the provisions of Federal Law No. 212-FZ and Federal Law No. 248-FZ, as well as to subordinate regulatory acts governing the digitalization of control and supervisory activities. Based on statistical data on the development of the nonprofit sector and on scholarly perspectives, the research substantiates the necessity of improving existing legislation to increase the involvement of civil society structures in oversight procedures. The study also proposes concrete regulatory measures aimed at integrating the results of public oversight into state decision-making processes in the entrepreneurial sphere. The practical significance of the findings lies in their applicability to the development of regulatory frameworks, enhancement of cooperation mechanisms between the state and civil society institutions, and formation of a comprehensive model of public oversight focused on supporting sustainable entrepreneurial development in the Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the connection between deviations and the development of crime in the Russian Federation at the present stage. The author, analyzing the content of the concepts of “deviation” and “deviant behavior”, convincingly proves that deviation from the norms existing in society contributes to the commission of illegal criminal acts punishable on the basis of the provisions of administrative and criminal legislation, as well as the emergence of various kinds of antisocial phenomena and social orphanhood. In the materials of the article, the authors partially reveal the concept of dividing deviations into legal and illegal.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the events related to the strikes of Ukrainian unmanned aerial vehicles on oil refineries and petroleum product storage facilities located on the territory of the Russian Federation. The consequences of the attacks were studied, and special attention was focused on measures to ensure the safety of personnel of fire and rescue units involved in extinguishing fires. Based on the analysis of real incidents and assessments of regulatory and methodological documentation, the main hazards were identified, and the main idea of the study reflected in the article was to develop a number of proposals aimed at improving the safety of personnel and equipment of fire and rescue units involved in extinguishing fires in tank farms due to enemy fire. The authors consider the existing measures to protect personnel – the use of anti-drone protection equipment, armored vehicles, personal anti-fragmentation protection equipment, mobile shelters, as well as modern drone detection and suppression systems. It is noted that the presented system of measures requires further improvement, taking into account the originality and variability of attacking tactics. The authors propose a number of innovative approaches of practical importance and emphasize the need for organizational and technological solutions to minimize the risks for participants in firefighting in the face of enemy attacks. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of real-life incidents at oil refineries and petroleum product storage facilities during enemy attacks using UAVs and other weapons, as well as to develop and substantiate practical recommendations to reduce the risk for rescuers who find themselves in the fire zone.

The article analyzes three different models of digitalization of justice at the US state level (New York, Florida, Texas) using the example of e-filing/e-service, digital case management, remote court hearings and electronic access to materials. The article concluded that “digitalization” as a technological project and as a procedural guarantee are not identical: the key question is where the state’s legal responsibility for the failure of the digital channel is fixed and how the courts distribute risks between the participants in the process, clerks and technical providers. On the material of procedural rules and court cases, the author of the article identified typical “bottlenecks” (file rejection, correction queues, video quality, digital divide) and proposed a package of practice-oriented recommendations aimed at increasing the predictability and accessibility of justice.

The authors recommend to students studying in the disciplines «Criminology», «Prevention of crimes and administrative offences by internal affairs authorities», «Criminology and prevention of crimes» to analyze the activities described in the article, social crime prevention pro-grams and strategies, situational crime prevention, and public-facing crime prevention. The author believes that the introduction of this practice into the teaching methodology of the above-mentioned subjects will enable students to better assimilate the teaching material and broaden their understanding of the possibilities and effectiveness of a systematic and coordinated impact on the causes and conditions crime. The article states that what now seems to be something ordinary (illuminated stops, cameras, doorbells, alarm buttons, etc.) is a consequence of successful implementation of someone’s idea, hypothesis, bold assumption, which are used worldwide fruits today.

Based on the analysis of the provisions of the Russian Truth (Lengthy and Brief editions), the article demonstrates the incorrectness of the compilation made during its formation. When compiling different lists of Russian Truth, the legal norms were taken from various earlier legal codes, formed at different times and often containing the same provisions in different linguistic forms. The unification of various sources of legal norms in Russian Pravda into a single body was largely mechanical. The text’s editing retained more archaic norms, along with more recent and developed ones, although they addressed the same issues. The compilers of Russian Truth (especially the early Extensive Editorial lists) did not bother with the issue of bringing all fines and payments to the same monetary face value. Therefore, a contradiction arises when the amount of the fine is indicated for more serious acts (in numerical terms) than for actions that have serious consequences.

The article examines the ideological approaches of representatives of Soviet legal science and developers of the RSFSR Constitution to the understanding of the concept of “constitution”, the reflection in the constitution of constitutional consolidation and regulation of the foundations of economic policy.

At the end of the 20th century, due to political transformations in the country and the subsequent easing of ideological pressure on science in Russia, new archival data were discovered, and scholars from both governmental and civilian universities published a significant number of scientific works that expanded and detailed the historiography of the history of internal affairs agencies. In this article, the authors attempt to examine the characteristic features of the evolution of the historiography of the formation of the organizational and legal foundations of the Soviet militia in the 1920s, as well as to identify the key trends in the development of such research in Russian historical and legal science in the 1990s.

This article examines the problem of legal fragmentation from a historical and legal perspective. Based on a retrospective analysis, the characteristics of legal fragmentation are identified and a definition of legal crises is proposed. It is concluded that a significant number of characteristics of legal fragmentation and legal crises overlap. It demonstrates that legal fragmentation can have a positive impact on the development of individual branches, subbranches, and legal institutions, while negatively impacting the legal system and the legal system as a whole.

The article aims to provide a theoretical and methodological analysis of the integrative approach to law as a form of overcoming the dogmatic limitations of legal positivism. The relevance of the study lies in the need to develop a methodological framework for understanding law that can accommodate the pluralism of ideologies, cultures, and legal practices in modern society. In this context, the appeal to integrative jurisprudence, which synthesizes the principles of various theoretical and legal approaches, from social naturalism and communication theory to synergetics and dialogical legal understanding, becomes particularly important. This approach allows us to view law as a dynamic process of interaction between subjects, where normativity and legitimacy acquire an intersubjective and value-based nature. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical and methodological analysis of the integrative approach to law as a form of post-positivist overcoming of dogmatism and as a way of understanding interests in law in the context of intersubjective and synergetic methodology. Based on intersubjective and synergetic methodology, the nature of interests as the foundation of normativity is reconstructed, which allows for a revision of the concept of legitimacy and a reevaluation of the relationship between substantive justice and formal reality. The article systematically analyzes the methodological basis of research based on an integrative approach to law that combines intersubjectivity, synergetics, and instrumentalism. The author shows that this approach goes beyond modern legal positivism, proposing a post-positivist model of law as an open, dynamic system in which normativity is not based on a formal source, but on legitimacy through a balance of interests and substantive justice.

The article examines the issues of public opinion formation and citizens’ trust in law enforcement officers, who most often interact with the public in the process of performing official tasks. Public opinion is one of the main criteria for the official assessment of police activity, determined by the federal executive authority in the field of internal affairs. The involvement of citizens and public associations in the implementation of state policy in the field of public order protection, ensuring public safety and combating crime are designed to ensure the coordination of socially significant interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in solving the most important issues of police activity. In this article, we will consider the main problems and ways of forming public opinion and trust in relation to police activities.

This article provides an economic and energy assessment of the «cover crop – perennial grasses» crop rotation link. With rising energy prices, declining profitability of organic fertilizers, and financial difficulties limiting the use of mineral fertilizers, legumes have become particularly valuable for agricultural organizations.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the study of gaps in law is mainly due to the fact that issues based on filling these gaps do not find solutions. There are enough ways to fill gaps in the law, but their effectiveness may be questioned. In this regard, a large number of legal scholars are trying to propose their own ways to fill in the gaps, but a unified approach to this issue has not yet been developed.

This article examines the application of administrative law norms in the process of implementing the environmental function of the state. The article discusses the effectiveness of environmental control and supervision, the problems of applying administrative responsibility for environmental offenses, as well as the role of administrative procedures in the implementation of environmental rights of citizens and organizations. Based on the analysis of scientific publications, regulatory legal acts and judicial practice, gaps and conflicts in legislation are identified, and proposals are formulated to optimize administrative and legal regulation in the field of environmental protection. Special attention is paid to the need to strengthen responsibility for environmental offenses, expand public participation in making environmentally significant decisions and introduce modern information technologies into the environmental management system. The results of the study can be used to develop proposals for improving administrative legislation and improving the effectiveness of public administration in the field of ecology.

This article presents an analysis of the main areas of administrative police activity aimed at preventing deviant behavior among minors in the current context. The study covers key aspects and problematic issues in preventing antisocial behavior among minors within the framework of administrative activities of law enforcement officers.

The article talks about changes in national legislation on intellectual property issues from January 1, 2025, an explanation of the new provisions is given. Most of the changes are provisions of tax legislation that are related to stimulating the innovative development of the state, as well as provisions on patent duties for committing legally significant actions in relation to inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks, geographical indications, names of origin.

This article discusses the main practical problems of forensic expertise in the formation of new types (genera) of examinations. Some significant difficulties associated with the implementation of forensic examination in modern Russia have been identified. Possible ways of solving the existing problems are suggested.

This article examines the judicial process for challenging the right to higher education in the Russian legal system in the context of the digital transformation of society. It analyzes current challenges reflecting the impact of digitalization on access to higher education, including issues of admission, contractual training, targeted training, and university liability. It examines statistical data on educational litigation, as well as the regulatory framework, including federal laws, regulations, and specific articles. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2012, No. 273-FZ (hereinafter referred to as “Federal Law No. 273-FZ”) and the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” dated August 22, 1996, No. 125-FZ (hereinafter referred to as “Federal Law No. 125-FZ”), as well as bylaws governing the admission and appeal of regulatory acts of educational authorities. Gaps in legal regulation, as well as judicial practice, including the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and supervisory authorities, are analyzed. Based on the identified problems, recommendations are proposed for improving the legislative framework and practice, including increasing the transparency of digital admissions procedures, developing electronic administrative appeal mechanisms, and increasing penalties for violations.

This article analyzes law enforcement issues in Russian court practice in cases involving self-employed individuals. The study focuses on identifying the factors hindering the development of uniform and consistent judicial practice. The author examines the polysemy of the term “self-employed,” demonstrating that the lack of a legal definition has led courts to use at least six different, sometimes mutually exclusive, interpretations. This inconsistency affects the classification of the self-employed’s economic activity, the establishment of applicable legal norms, and the delineation of jurisdiction. The relevance of this study is determined by the rapid growth in the number of individuals using professional income tax, the inclusion of the institution of self-employment in the regulation of various branches of law, and the presence of numerous application errors in Russian court decisions. The author analyzes how terminological ambiguity gives rise to errors in determining the legal status of parties to a dispute, the nature of their activities, and the interpretation of procedural legislation. The study focuses on judicial practice in recent years. The research’s scientific novelty lies in identifying key errors in judicial enforcement arising from the lack of a legal definition of the status of self-employed individuals in legislation and the insufficient consistency of legal norms governing their activities. The author demonstrates that the polysemy of the term “self-employed” leads to the confusion of various legal categories: from the interpretation of the self-employed as a business entity to the broad inclusion of lawyers, notaries, and other individuals within this category. The author proposes areas for legislative amendment: clarifying the conceptual framework, regulating the nature of the activities of professional income taxpayers, and developing clarifications from the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. These measures, according to the author, can eliminate these gaps and ensure uniformity of law enforcement.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of judicial bodies in protecting the rights and legitimate interests of property owners in the context of the implementation of redevelopment. The author examines the key categories of disputes arising from unauthorized redevelopment, infringement of the rights of adjacent property owners, as well as disputes related to the challenge of decisions made by authorized bodies. The article explores the approaches of courts to assessing the significance of changes, the criteria for restoring the legal status of an object, and the balance between private and public interests. The article concludes that the court is the ultimate arbiter that ensures the legitimacy of changes in real estate and protects the rights of bona fide participants in civil circulation.

The introduction of the institution of subsidiary liability of persons controlling the debtor in modern Russian bankruptcy legislation has become a key element in protecting the rights of creditors and preventing abuse of the corporate form. This article is devoted to the study of the genesis and theoretical foundations of this institute, analyzing its historical connection with the doctrine of “lifting the corporate veil.” The impact of this doctrine, which originated in the Anglo-American legal system, on the formation and development of norms on subsidiary liability in domestic legislation will be considered, as well as key conditions and principles for its application in judicial practice will be determined.

The civilistic construction of an easement is one of the oldest that came to Russian law as a result of the reception of the provisions of Roman law. The development of servitude within the framework of domestic law has naturally led to the fact that this institution has undergone some changes and thus acquired its own specifics. In this article, the author examines in detail the characteristic features of easement as an institution of Russian law, paying attention to the issues of its legal nature, characteristics, types and legal regulation, including problematic aspects of its regulation.

This article examines the place of unmanned vehicles in the system of civil rights. Based on an analysis of current civil legislation, law enforcement practice, and doctrinal approaches, the author substantiates the classification of unmanned vehicles as a type of vehicle (thing) and an object of civil rights. Furthermore, the author notes that unmanned vehicles are objects of civil rights that combine the characteristics of a vehicle (thing) and a result of intellectual activity, and that certain models of them may be based on artificial intelligence technologies, which, in turn, requires legislators to develop a special legal regime for these high-tech objects.

Digital transformation is significantly changing transport law, introducing electronic document management, IoT, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. These technologies accelerate and improve the objectivity of evidence collection in transportation, but also raise complex legal issues related to the recognition of electronic data, information protection, and the regulation of smart contracts. Russian judicial practice demonstrates the increasing recognition of digital evidence and increased liability for carriers. Full implementation of digital tools requires the adaptation of legislation and collaboration between government, business, and science.
The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the impact of digital technologies (electronic document management, IoT, smart contracts, and artificial intelligence) on the transformation of the evidence process and the redistribution of risks in civil disputes arising from transportation contracts. The study aims to identify new opportunities for objectively establishing the circumstances of a case, as well as to systematize the legal problems arising from the use of digital evidence and automated procedures.
Research methods include a comparative legal analysis of civil and procedural law regulating evidence and carrier liability; a study of current judicial practice in Russian arbitration courts to identify trends in the evaluation of digital evidence; and a formal logical analysis of the legal nature of smart contracts and IoT data in the context of civil transactions.

This article explores the potential of financial leasing (leasing) as one of the effective tools to stimulate economic growth. Particular attention is paid to the existing barriers that slow down the development of leasing relations in Russia. Current regulatory, economic and organizational difficulties affecting the efficiency of leasing in economic activities are considered. An analysis of modern approaches to overcoming these problems is also carried out, including the adaptation of international experience and practices aimed at improving legal regulation and increasing the investment attractiveness of leasing transactions in the country.

This article analyzes the system of social subsidies and benefits provided to employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia and their impact on the development and strengthening of their professional and legal culture. Given the modernization of the penal system and increasing demands on the quality of service and employee accountability, studying the factors that ensure legal stability and sustainable professional development of FSIN employees is particularly relevant. One such factor is social guarantees, traditionally viewed by the state not only as a measure of material support but also as an important tool for shaping service motivation, normative behavior, and legal awareness.
The article examines key types of social benefits, including housing subsidies, clothing provision, and early retirement. Housing subsidies are analyzed as a fundamental element of social security, contributing to the reduction of work-related stress, strengthening trust in state institutions, and enhancing legal discipline. Clothing allowances are valued not only as a material benefit but also as a symbol of professional identity, influencing organizational culture and a culture of lawful behavior. Pension benefits are considered in the context of staff stability, the prevention of professional deformation, and the development of sustainable positive motivation for legal compliance.
Based on an analysis of scientific literature and the practice of the Federal Penitentiary Service, it is concluded that social guarantees are a significant component in the development of a professional legal culture, ensuring the maintenance of employees’ moral and legal guidelines and contributing to the strengthening of the traditions of the Russian civil service. The need for further improvement of benefit provision mechanisms, including the digitalization of procedures and the expansion of legal awareness among employees, is emphasized. The presented results can be used in the development of professional training programs, the drafting of regulations, and the improvement of the personnel policy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.

This article aims to improve understanding of the training process for students in the Faculty of Physical Education. The relevance of this topic stems from the need for competent development of physical and technical training, which is critical for future teachers who have chosen the path of highly qualified specialists in the field of physical education. The importance of adapting to modern requirements and using scientifically based methods in the educational process is emphasized. The article analyzes methodological approaches capable of significantly improving the overall physical fitness of students in their chosen specialties and confirms their effectiveness. Methods of integrated intervention are described in conjunction with an approved plan of dedicated lessons aimed at implementing the curriculum. A plan for an optimal integrated approach to teacher-student interaction is developed, capable of raising the level of physical development of the average student in a short period of time. The study shows that optimizing the learning process using a conditioned subjective process for assessing heart rate requires consideration of not only the technical but also the physiological parameters of students, as well as the introduction of innovative techniques into the learning process aimed at reducing student injuries.

The article explores the possibilities of using public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms for the modernization and development of sports infrastructure in pedagogical universities. The relevance of the problem related to the physical and moral deterioration of sports facilities, insufficient budgetary funding, and growing social demands is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the specifics of the activities of pedagogical universities, a typology of PPP models is proposed, differentiated by goals, forms, and objects of management. Special attention is paid to the socio-educational effect and criteria for evaluating the success of projects. It is concluded that adapted PPP models can become a tool for comprehensively solving the problems of educational, sports, and personnel policy at the university.

The article discusses modern strategies for improving the physical training of cadets of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. Attention is focused on the need for individualization of the approach, the introduction of innovative learning technologies, the development of professionally important qualities, as well as the integration of psychophysical training methods. The current problems are analyzed and ways to improve the effectiveness of the educational and training process are proposed. The importance of an integrated approach to physical and psychological training for the formation of cadets’ readiness to perform professional tasks in extreme conditions is noted.

The article provides a comparative analysis of dual legal education models in BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The purpose is to identify institutional characteristics of practice-oriented legal training and evaluate the applicability of foreign mechanisms in the Russian educational system. Drawing on legislation, academic literature, and practices of leading BRICS universities, the study examines approaches to integrating professional training, internships, and employer participation. The research concludes that Russia needs clearer legal regulation of dual education, broader involvement of professional communities, and enhanced university-industry cooperation.

The article analyzes current problems of obtaining professional higher education for lawyers in modern Russia, taking into account the withdrawal from the Bologna Process and the upcoming reform of the higher education system from 2026. The normative requirements for the qualification of lawyers, where a bachelor’s degree is considered insufficient, issues of the quality of training specialists, practical orientation of education, as well as prospects for the transition to a new model with basic and specialized higher education are considered. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and regulatory framework, ways to solve the identified problems are proposed.

This theoretical analysis of domestic and international research substantiates the feasibility of using role-playing training with elements of psychodrama to develop universal competencies and flexible and adaptive skills in police officers. The use of psychodrama techniques in working with police officers stimulates the potential for self-development and self-improvement; facilitates the assimilation of established norms of professional conduct; and promotes success in cognitive reframing through familiarization with new learning situations and the adoption of a new socially acceptable role and professional identity. Role-playing training and psychodrama techniques involve creative exercises, solving professional case studies, developing spontaneity, and serving as a source of positive emotions: this is the main reason why, when applied to education, such techniques promote both content acquisition and increased motivation. This argument suggests that psychodrama techniques could be crucial for departmental education, alongside their therapeutic role, effectively contributing to the creation of a positive educational environment in educational institutions of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
This article explores the development rationale and describes the results of testing a role-playing training program with psychodrama elements for developing the professional identity of cadets at an educational institution of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The training program’s methodological basis was J. Moreno’s concept of psychodrama. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design for collecting empirical data.
Results. An empirical study found that after completing a role-playing training program with elements of psychodrama, cadets at a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs educational institution demonstrated increased self-confidence, activity, and a focus on professional development. Participants became more confident in their professional perceptions and improved their rational understanding of others’ emotional states. They also reported increased self-trust and a decrease in internal conflict.
Although the emotional and intuitive channels of empathy changed only slightly, the overall trend indicates a positive impact of psychodrama on the development of professional identity.

The article examines the development of dialogic communication skills in veterinary students during foreign language learning. The authors note that foreign language proficiency plays an important role in the development of professional competencies in future veterinarians, as it enables them to master modern diagnostic methods, maintain contacts with international specialists, and participate in international scientific events. Developing dialogic skills in students is complicated by the lack of regular contact with native speakers, the need to master professional terminology, a lack of specialized teaching materials, and the language barrier. The authors identify factors for effective dialogic communication training, such as motivation, language proficiency, foreign language experience, and student self-esteem. The article presents practical tasks aimed at developing dialogic communication skills, such as group presentations, debates, reading and discussing articles, and watching films followed by discussion. These exercises help students acquire live communication skills on professional topics. The authors conclude that the proposed methodology will help overcome the identified difficulties and ensure the development of the communication skills necessary for future veterinary specialists.

The article presents the results of research and educational activities aimed at integrating the scientific and educational activities of students of the Faculty of Agriculture at the early stages of their studies. The researchers argue that the discipline “Speech Culture and Business Communications”, which is studied by future specialists in the agricultural sector in their first year, has the potential to immerse students in the atmosphere of creative scientific research. The authors of the article substantiate the relevance of using the content analysis method of specialized periodicals in the study of the section “Publicistic Style as a Media Style” in the discipline “Speech Culture and Business Communications”. They argue that the integration of educational and scientific activities in the process of studying the discipline “Speech Culture and Business Communications” creates conditions for a professional focus on the learning process, fosters interest in reading scientific and professional literature, and increases motivation to master one’s future specialty.

In the modern world, graduates must possess not only a high level of digital culture but also developed communication and research skills, as well as critical thinking. New educational strategies are designed to facilitate the development of these competencies. This article addresses the pressing issue of the crisis of text culture and its impact on education. The authors, drawing on the works of contemporary philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists, as well as their own teaching and methodological experience, identify the following effects of the interplay between traditional and innovative approaches to education: the ease of assimilating audiovisual information results in a loss of study skills and a superficial understanding of information; when students search for information online, there is no criterion for the authenticity and reliability of what they find, especially in light of the spread of artificial intelligence; a new cognitive style is emerging, characterized by fragmented thinking; the ability to ask meaningful questions fails to develop; The student is physically present in class but mentally absent, constantly using their smartphone for fear of missing out or “dropping out” of social interaction (they are in a state of FoMO); the inquiry-based learning approach is replaced by a consumerist one. Agreeing with the idea that, with the digital transformation of education and the spread of internet technologies, traditional book culture is being replaced by a “Googling” culture, the authors conclude that new educational strategies are needed to develop critical thinking as an essential competency for 21st-century professionals, and philosophy as an academic discipline is designed to help develop critical thinking and instill research skills. This article may be of interest to researchers in the philosophy of education, cultural studies scholars, and education managers.

The article analyzes the readiness of medical university students to perform mandatory practical training, as required by the current legal acts of the Russian Federation. Mandatory practical training after completing a specialist training program or residency is considered a significant indicator of the quality of professional education and a mechanism for meeting the personnel needs of the healthcare system. The article examines the socio-economic, motivational, educational, and psychological factors that determine the attitude of graduates towards their chosen field of work. It is noted that the duration of mandatory practical training varies depending on the specific medical specialty, which leads to different levels of expectations and professional strategies among students.

This article examines the pressing and controversial issue raised by the Russian Government’s approval in November 2025 of a list of higher education program areas and specialties, which determine the maximum number of places for admission to higher education programs under education agreements for the 2026/27 academic year. The author believes that this provision violates students’ rights and leads to the destabilization of the activities, primarily of the non-governmental higher education sector. Therefore, it is proposed to initiate an audit of Russian Government Order No. 3339-r of November 19, 2025, and Russian Government Resolution No. 1830 of November 19, 2025, for compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation.

The article discusses current approaches to methodological support for the study of professional disciplines in the educational process of universities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. The necessity of systematic methodological support as a tool for coordinating goals, content, educational technologies and assessment procedures with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard and the tasks of professional activity is substantiated. A model of methodological support is proposed, which includes normative-target, design, implementation, and control-evaluation blocks, as well as a feedback and adjustment mechanism. It is shown that the integration of digital resources, simulator and simulation tools and practice-oriented tasks increases the effectiveness of the formation of professional competencies of cadets, ensures continuity between academic disciplines and practice, enhances the manageability of training quality.

In today’s world, effective personnel management is becoming one of the most critical success factors for any enterprise. In a rapidly changing economic environment and increasing competition, companies must constantly improve their human resource management strategies. One of the key elements of this approach is personnel assessment and analysis, which enables the timely identification of employee potential, enhancement of their skills, and improvement of the overall organizational productivity.
This article examines the areas of personnel assessment and their detailed description. The differences between personnel assessment and personnel analysis are examined, and the focus of each is defined. Personnel analysis provides results for the development of solutions in the area  of  managing human resource potential, work processes, and personnel costs. Separating personnel assessments is necessary to identify criteria for employee compliance with organizational requirements.

This article examines one of the primary tasks of the modern state, namely the effective prevention of juvenile delinquency. A review of the works by domestic and foreign authors emphasizes the fundamental role of socialization in personality development, where one of the primary institutions of socialization is precisely the school environment. Statistical data indicate an increase in the severity of adolescent crimes, which underscores the relevance of the topic. In conclusion, based on the analysis conducted, practical recommendations are formulated aimed at optimizing the school environment.

For centuries, imprisonment has been considered the most preferable and universal method of controlling criminal offenses. However, in practice, only a limited number of criminal sanctions are used, and not all of them achieve the goals stated in Article 43 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, including restoring social justice, correcting deviant behavior in convicts, and preventing new crimes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a historical and legal analysis of the formation and development of the imprisonment system in pre-revolutionary Russia. The methodological basis of this research is formed by methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative legal methods, and formal legal and historical methodological approaches. The results of the study demonstrate that the author has thoroughly examined the nature and reasons for the execution of imprisonment as the primary measure of criminal prosecution. The article consistently outlines the legal regulations governing this type of punishment, from tsarist times to the early 20th century. The practical significance of this work lies in the potential for using the identified historical and legal patterns in implementing contemporary reforms aimed at further improving the organization and management of the penitentiary system. The scientific novelty of this work lies in its systematic approach to analyzing the historical and legal processes of the formation and development of the institution of imprisonment in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the presented conclusions, the author emphasizes the exceptional value of the acquired scientific knowledge for the further modernization of modern penal law. During the preparation of this article, a wide range of legislative, archival, scientific, and electronic sources and documents served as essential bibliographic resources.

The article discusses the features of forensic work carried out by investigators with witnesses of corruption crimes. An analysis of the works of domestic authors on this topic revealed a significant lack of scientific and practical research on the study of the mental properties of a witness’s personality, which complicates the work of investigators and reduces the speed of crime detection. The article attempts to provide a psychological description of the state of fear that is often encountered in the process of working with witnesses of crimes. The information obtained during the theoretical research is relevant and valuable for the development of training programs for legal professionals.

This research article analyzes socially dangerous acts committed by individuals with the special status of officials.
The study focuses on criminal law aspects, emphasizing the significant influence of official position on the classification of a criminal act and the individualization of criminal liability.
Particular importance is attached to the role of an individual’s official position in determining the characteristics of a delinquent act. 

This article examines the management of private universities in the context of the emerging sixth technological paradigm. The digital transformation of the national economy creates significant opportunities for improving the management of facilities in manufacturing, financial operations, services, education, and other sectors. Extensive data sets (Big Data), along with modern algorithms for processing and protecting them (Data Mining, Digital Twin, and blockchain technologies, among others), are used as an information base for developing effective management decisions. The creation of “digital twins” of real management objects enables simulation modeling of their behavior under the influence of external and internal disturbances, calculated using innovative forecasting procedures, including artificial intelligence (AI). This approach ensures the achievement of goals through the optimal use of available resources. The use of AI requires significant resource and financial expenditures, which is a serious problem for private universities, which are often small and practically deprived of government support. One of the ways to solve this problem is to form non-governmental cluster educational structures with the aim of minimizing costs due to the scale factor and creating the basis for the implementation of innovations due to the “horizontal” nature of connections within the cluster environment.

In this research article, the author analyzes the patterns of dissemination of extremist materials, the main forms and methods of promoting extremist ideology on the internet, the nature and causes of this phenomenon, issues of preventing and preventing the dissemination of false information, and issues related to liability for disseminating extremist materials.

The author in his scientific article analyzes the urgent problems of using certain information technologies in the necessary to effectively ensure public order and security, the use of which contributes to the stable functioning of Russian society and the state, in connection with which the input of the study focuses on the problems existing in practice, to determine promising ways and ways to solve them.

The authors examine a range of issues related to the legal regulation of digital asset inheritance in the Russian Federation, examining the contradictions between traditional norms of inheritance law and the fundamentally new nature of virtual objects under civil law. The paper attempts to define and distinguish between the key concepts of “digital object” and “digital asset,” as well as classify them based on their tangible and intangible value. This approach identifies and analyzes a comprehensive list of legal and technical barriers impeding the transfer of digital “inheritance.”
The study’s methodological framework combines formal legal, comparative legal, and systemic research methods, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the current state of legislation, doctrinal approaches, and law enforcement practices in this area. 
Results: The key challenges of digital asset inheritance were identified and systematized, including conflicts between inheritance and privacy laws and user agreements, lack of technical access to relevant platforms, legal uncertainty, and conflicts of jurisdiction in the case of cross-border inheritance. Existing mechanisms for addressing these challenges, offered both by the digital platforms themselves and by legal doctrine, were analyzed. Practical recommendations for testators and heirs aimed at preserving and transmitting digital heritage were formulated.
Conclusions. The institution of digital asset inheritance is still in its infancy, and its legal regulation significantly lags behind the dynamic development of digital relations in private law. Despite the right of inheritance guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, current legislation does not provide an effective mechanism for the transfer of digital assets due to their intangible nature and conflict with international user agreements. Under these circumstances, initiative and preventive planning on the part of digital asset owners themselves are paramount, while achieving legal certainty requires further improvement of legislation and the development of a special legal regime adequate to the challenges of the digital age. 

This article examines the formation of ecological legal consciousness as a strategic vector of development for the Russian state and for legal education in the context of global bioethical challenges. It argues that the constitutional attribution to the Government of new duties to foster responsible attitudes toward animals elevates humane treatment of animals to a priority area of public legal policy. Drawing on an ecosophical approach and interdisciplinary analysis, the article elucidates how animal protection is linked to a broader transformation of legal thinking — from an anthropocentric paradigm toward a model that recognizes the intrinsic value of life and the necessity of safeguarding animals’ interests. It is shown that a plausible means of advancing this shift is the establishment and integration into the curriculum of a dedicated academic course on “Animal Protection” (conceptually aligned with the foreign field of Animal Law). The conclusions note the fragmented character of domestic regulation notwithstanding certain indicia of animals’ quasi-subjectivity, and emphasize the need to conceptualize a coherent doctrinal framework and effective enforcement mechanisms.

This article examines the representation of the concept of the “frontier” or “borderland” in the works of Bella Akhmadulina, a topic long remaining on the periphery of scholarly discourse, whereas research has primarily focused on her linguistic style and poetic technique. The article is dedicated to a detailed analysis of her key collection, Dreams of Georgia, as an artistic whole, where this theme is realized with the greatest completeness and maturity. Particular attention is paid to how this refraction of nature is combined with a deep immersion into the humanitarian fabric of Georgia. The article reveals the broader cultural and historical significance of this poetic strategy. The author concludes that within the specific Soviet context, such writing acquires particular spiritual significance: Georgia becomes a warm refuge for the poetess, an alternative space of freedom and a creative shelter from the harshness of the “native” imperial metropolis.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the professional legal culture of junior inspectors in the Supervision and Security Department, who receive packages and organize visits in Russian penal institutions. This category of employees performs one of the most socially significant and simultaneously vulnerable functions within the FSIN, ensuring direct contact between the regime and the external population. In the context of the current modernization of the penal system, there is an increasing need to study the quality of the legal culture of employees, which directly affects the legality, security, and sustainability of the institution.
This paper examines the relationship between the professional legal culture of junior inspectors and the performance of key job tasks: screening and verifying the contents of packages, preventing attempts to smuggle prohibited items, organizing short-term and long-term visits, and ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of citizens interacting with FSIN institutions. Particular attention is paid to the corruption risks inherent in handling packages and the importance of legal awareness in preventing them. It is noted that a mature professional culture enables employees to remain resilient to external influences, act strictly within the law, and maintain public trust in government institutions.
A separate analysis is devoted to the gender specificity of the position. It is emphasized that a significant portion of junior inspectors in this area are women, as legislation requires gender conformity when conducting searches of female individuals. It is shown that female personnel perform not only a formal legal function but also an important communicative role, reducing conflict and maintaining a positive psychological atmosphere.
In conclusion, the author concludes that developing a professional legal culture is a strategic direction for improving the FSIN’s operations. The author emphasizes the need to strengthen legal education, enhance personnel stability, prevent corruption, and develop professional traditions that serve as the foundation for further strengthening the rule of law and Russia’s national interests.

The article examines the professional legal culture of employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation through an analysis of the disciplinary practice of dismissal based on the commission of an offense that discredits the employee, as stipulated by paragraph 9, part 3, article 84 of the Federal Law “On Service in the Penal System of the Russian Federation” [1]. Drawing on the provisions of the domestic doctrine on the legal culture and legal consciousness of penal system personnel [3; 9], as well as works revealing the legal and moral-ethical nature of offenses that discredit the honor [2; 10], the author examines how disciplinary decisions and dismissal orders reflect the real institutional values of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.
The empirical basis of the study consists of orders of the Federal Penitentiary Service on the dismissal of employees for offenses that discredit the honor, which have undergone judicial review, and related judicial decisions, as well as the results of scientific research on the legal training and professional socialization of penal system employees [6]. It is shown that dismissal for dishonorable conduct serves not only as a disciplinary measure but also as an indicator of the level of professional legal culture in specific departments, allowing for the identification of both strengths and weaknesses within the agency.
Based on an analysis of judicial practice and academic literature, key negative factors affecting legal culture are identified: formalism in conducting official investigations and issuing orders, insufficient legal literacy among managers [3; 4], violations of procedural guarantees for employees when subject to disciplinary action [1], distortions of official ethics, including non-official connections with special contingents [10], and the absence of a unified departmental model for developing a professional legal culture [5; 8].
The need for enhanced legal training for personnel and improvement of educational programs within the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia [6; 7], unification of disciplinary procedure standards, increased transparency of disciplinary practices, and the targeted development of official ethics as the core of institutional values is substantiated. It is concluded that the state of the legal culture of FSIN personnel and the nature of dismissal orders for dishonorable offenses are a significant indicator of the effectiveness of the penal system and its readiness to meet modern challenges, while maintaining domestic legal and service traditions.

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of the legal services market in Russia. The key stages of evolution from the post-Soviet period to the present are analyzed, the influence of socio-economic changes, legislative reforms and digitalization trends. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the problems of market regulation, prospects for unification of the profession and the role of technologies in the transformation of services are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the institutional structure of the market, the evolution of service delivery forms and challenges related to the qualification of specialists.

This article examines the possibilities of creating new age-based periodizations. The content analysis is based on L.S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach to constructing age-based periodizations. The concept of age occupies a special place in the article’s content. Age is considered from various perspectives: cultural, intellectual, subjective, chronological, critical, and stable. A narrowly focused approach to creating age-based periodizations is identified. The guiding principles of biological and social periodizations are separated. The basic structure of the periodizations corresponds to the social principle. In recent decades, a different approach to constructing periodizations has emerged. In new areas of research in human developmental psychology, age-based periodizations are being developed that focus on specific personality traits. Professional development and professional development are reflected in E.F. Zeer’s periodization, but in age-based periodizations, only reference to the professional task can be found in the periodizations of E. Erikson and Morgun. A similar situation exists with intellectual development. J. Piaget’s periodization of intellectual development was developed prior to adolescence, while intellectual capabilities in adulthood were explored in the works of B.G. Ananyev’s school. These periodizations do not indicate any new developments in intellectual development at specific age stages. All periodizations provide a descriptive characterization of the individual and their integration into the social environment. New issues related to the expansion of the social environment and active digitalization await their researchers, but there are no prerequisites for incorporating these changes into age-based periodization. The author explores the possibilities of constructing new age-based periodizations, taking into account existing periodizations and contemporary realities.

Set-off (saldирование) is a legal phenomenon that has long remained on the periphery of civil law studies despite its widespread practical use, particularly in bankruptcy cases. This article examines set-off as an independent legal fact, distinct from the traditional notion of mutual debt offsetting. The author argues that set-off should be classified as a legal act of conduct rather than a legal act, since its legal consequences arise automatically without deliberate expression of will by the parties involved. The key features of set-off are analyzed, including its objective determination of the final obligation and the impossibility of contesting it as a transaction. The article highlights the importance of distinguishing between legal acts and acts of conduct for understanding the nature of set-off, which is crucial for effective regulation of mutual obligations in civil circulation. The research contributes to the theoretical foundation for applying set-off in contractual relations, especially in construction, utilities, and financial settlements.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the system of restrictions on absolute ownership rights in Ancient Rome and the mechanisms for their protection as a historical and legal prototype of modern prosecutorial supervision. Based on the study of sources and modern interpretations, it is proven that, contrary to the widespread belief in the unlimited nature of dominium, Roman law developed a sophisticated doctrine of the priority of the public interest (utilitas publica). The work consistently reveals how institutions such as easements, building and police regulations, as well as the beginnings of antitrust regulation, limited private law in favor of society. The main result is the justification of the thesis that the protection of these restrictions was carried out through specific procedures that were functionally equivalent to prosecutorial supervision: the administrative and supervisory activities of magistrates (aediles) who acted on their own initiative (ex officio), and the universal tool of the public claim (actio popularis), which was available to any citizen. The authors conclude that Roman legal thought not only anticipated the idea of state supervision of the rule of law in the field of property relations, but also formulated its basic principles: initiative, protection of an indefinite circle of persons, and prevention of offenses. This allows us to argue that the institutional roots of the prosecutor’s office go back to the ancient legal tradition, which expands the scope of modern discourse on its essence and historical purpose.

The article examines methodological foundations for applying interactive and game-based technologies in teaching “Criminal Law” and “Criminal Procedure”. The study analyzes the need to modernize traditional pedagogical approaches in legal education, describes the experience of using role-playing, modeling and digital technologies, and offers a classification of interactive methods adapted for criminal-law disciplines. The paper concludes that systematic integration of interactive tools significantly improves the practice-oriented preparation of future lawyers.

The relevance of supporting the professional activities of a novice university teacher is due to the need to improve the quality of higher education and adapt to the dynamically changing requirements for the qualification of teaching staff. 
The research goal is to systematize innovative methods of supporting the professional activities of novice university teachers. 
The objectives are to consider the existing approaches to the support of pedagogical activities, to identify the problems of professional adaptation of novice teachers, to systematize the principles of individualization and continuous development. 
Research methods are historiographical analysis of scientific literature, systematization, formal-logical method, descriptive analysis.
As a result, the following conclusions were formulated: the support of novice university teachers, based on innovative methods, is becoming a necessary condition for the educational process in higher education. Such methods as mentoring, coaching, peer learning, and digital educational resources are applied to the adaptation and development of teachers. The introduction of innovative teaching technologies requires taking into account the specifics of the university and the needs of teachers, as well as the creation of a supportive organizational culture. Further research is needed to develop personalised programmes and assess the long-term impact of innovation on the quality of education. An integrated approach contributes to the successful integration of teachers and the development of higher education.

This study is devoted to the analysis of the current state of horticulture in the Ural Federal District, which is due to the increasing importance of this industry for the food security of the region, as well as the need to increase its efficiency and competitiveness. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to identify current trends, assess the current parameters of orchards and berry fields, and the level of government support in the field of horticulture. The paper examines the main producers, innovative cultivation technologies and industry development trends. The methods of analysis used are the collection and statistical processing of data on the area of the gross harvest, as well as the assessment of the effectiveness of planting an orchard.

The article explores the concepts of personal meaning and education. It explains the concept of education through various approaches within its subject area. The author views education through the building of relationships within a social environment. Relationships within the social environment were assessed through relationships within social institutions. The author describes primary socialization through the building of relationships within the family. The complexity of building relationships between children and adults is associated with the emergence of a new system of relationships: “child-smart device.” To harmonize the “child-social adult” system, an environment is being expanded where the educator, as the bearer of socio-historical experience, assumes the role of a social adult. Playful activities are proposed to encourage the child to adopt social norms of behavior. At the current stage of historical development, this approach is not a comprehensive approach to socialization; parental support is necessary. The following describes socialization in school, where children not only socialize but also learn scientific concepts through meaningful understanding. The acquisition of a profession by modern youth also faces obstacles in the form of the expansion of social space through the internet and the overabundance of information that is not subject to meaningful processing, thereby creating obstacles to the emergence of personal meaning. Secondary socialization is associated with adulthood, when relationships become subjective. Adults face the challenge of making choices. Self-knowledge facilitates the acquisition of personal meanings while fulfilling a professional role. An experiment using the “Alphabet” method for “meaning-making” revealed the specifics of personal meaning formation in a professional environment.

This scientific article discusses issues related to the peculiarities of the legal and ethical aspects in the regulation of surrogacy as a social phenomenon. The author examines the specifics of the legal status of participants in legal relations regarding surrogacy, their legal and ethical status. In the course of the work, issues related to the legal regulation of this phenomenon at the international and national levels are analyzed, and international law enforcement practice is studied. Based on the results of the research, the author makes proposals for further development of legislation to address the identified problems.

The article analyzes the armed conflict in the “red corridor” of India between state forces and the Naxalite movement. The author concludes that the conflict is not a proxy war between China and India, but has internal socio-political reasons. Violations of international humanitarian law and human rights by both sides are addressed, as well as the role of ethnic minorities and non-governmental organizations in the settlement process. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that combines military and humanitarian measures to achieve sustainable peace.

The author examines the means of individualization of residential complexes in the form of verbal designations that are widely used in practice. Based on an analysis of the practice of naming residential complexes that are being built in the city of Khabarovsk, it was revealed that both unique and common names for residential complexes are used, with the majority of them being in Russian. Commercial names for residential complexes in Khabarovsk with the brand name of the developer are rarely used. Foreign names make up a small portion of the names of residential complexes. It was found that the registration of trademarks for unique names of residential complexes is not common. Changes in legislation on the restriction of the use of foreign names of residential complexes, which come into force on March 1, 2026 are being analyzed. A legislative gap has been identified: the absence of a product class corresponding to the name of a residential complex in the International Classification of Goods and Services for the registration of trademarks.

This article examines the phenomenon of economic (financial) bubbles, their nature, history, classification, and examples from global practice. The focus is on the causes of bubble formation, the mechanisms of their development, and their economic consequences. Specific cases of bubble occurrence in different periods of human history are analyzed, demonstrating the universality of the phenomenon and its connection with the behavior of economic agents and the inefficiency of market mechanisms. The article also assesses the phenomenon of financial bubbles from a political economy perspective.