Spectrum of Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease — a Review
- 作者: Rizvi S.Z.1, Palimar V.1, Gupta C.1, Andrade L.S.1
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隶属关系:
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
- 期: 卷 18, 编号 3 (2024)
- 页面: 72-80
- 栏目: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2075-5473/article/view/269317
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/ACEN.1001
- ID: 269317
如何引用文章
详细
Motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and their management have been evaluated in numerous studies. Four classical symptoms, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural abnormalities, are used to establish a clinical diagnosis of PD. However, this research is aimed at exploring the range of non-motor symptoms with an emphasis upon their ability to affect the patients with PD and their quality of life.
With a slow onset of the known symptoms like tremor or rhythmic shaking of limbs called “pill-rolling tremor”, slowed movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, stooped and altered posture, loss of the ability to blink or smile, and various speech and writing changes; the disease takes a leap into the non-motor symptoms like dementia, drooling, swallowing issues, difficulty urinating, and constipation. The dopaminergic pathophysiology of PD explains the anxiety, slowness of thought, fatigue, and dysphoria. Knowing the non-motor symptoms is crucial to help the clinician to make early diagnosis and to better understand the prognosis of the spectrum of this disease.
作者简介
Syed Rizvi
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Email: syed.rizvi@learner.manipal.edu
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-1248-1808
student
印度, ManipalVikram Palimar
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Email: vpalimar@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5258-1992
D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Department of forensic medicine
印度, ManipalChandni Gupta
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: chandnipalimar@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9232-0946
D. Sci. (Med.), Additional professor, Department of anatomy
印度, ManipalLydia Andrade
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Email: lydia.quadros@manipal.edu
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1690-8593
PhD (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Department of anatomy
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