Is preputium an unnecessary vestigial organ or an important one?

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

A literature review on preputium role is presented. From ancient times preputium caused contradictory feelings. In some ethnic groups circumcision was considered necessary in infancy, others, like ancient greeks were proud of their preputium. Long preputium was regarded as beautiful, a bare penis balanus, on the contrary, as indecent. Susceptibility of preputium to a variety of inflammatory infectious diseases resulted in circumcision performance in medicinal as well as in preventive purposes. Preputium diseases also include psoriasis, lichen sclerosus, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, lichen ruber planus, and seborrheic eczema. Phymosis, complicated with fissurae, is a highly accurate diabetes mellitus predictor. Statistically significant differences of sexual sensitivity between circumcised in infancy men compared with men with preserved preputium were not found.

About the authors

E. V Kulchavenya

Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: urotub@yandex.ru
д-р мед. наук, проф., гл. науч. сотр., рук. отд. урологии ННИИТ, проф. каф. туберкулеза 630040, Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, ul. Okhotskaia, d. 81a; 630091, Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Krasnyi pr-t, d. 52

References

  1. Martín-Alguacil N, Cooper R.S, Aardsma N et al. Terminal innervation of the male genitalia, cutaneous sensory receptors of the male foreskin. Clin Anat 2015; 28 (3): 385-91. doi: 10.1002/ca.22501
  2. Cox G, Krieger J.N, Morris B.J. Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference? Sex Med 2015; 3 (2): 76-85. doi: 10.1002/sm2.67
  3. Guo D, Xu S-M, Jiang H-Y et al. Observation of Meissner’s corpuscle on fused phimosis. J Guangdong Med Coll 2007; 20: 15-6.
  4. Porter W.M, Bunker C.B. The dysfunctional foreskin. International J STD AIDS. 2001; 12: 216-220.
  5. Thompson R.S, Hess D.L, Binkerd P.E et al. The effects of prenatal diethylstilbestrol on the genitalia of pubertal. Macaca mulatta. J Reprod Med 1981; 26: 309-16.
  6. Cox G, Morris B.J. Why circumcision: From pre-history to the twenty-first century. In: Bolnick DA, Koyle MA, Yosha A, ed. Surgical guide to circumcision. London: Springer, 2012; p. 243-259.
  7. Hodges F.M. The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme. Bull Hist Med 2001; 75 (3): 375-405.
  8. Prodger J.L, Kaul R. The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14 (1): 49. doi: 10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6
  9. Fang J, Zhang H, Jin S. Epigenetics and cervical cancer: from pathogenesis to therapy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35 (6): 5083-93. doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-1737-z
  10. Irkilata L, Aydin H.R, Aydin M et al. Preputial bacterial colonisation in uncircumcised male children: Is it related to phimosis? J Pak Med Assoc 2016; 66 (3): 312-5.
  11. Кульчавеня Е.В., Чередниченко А.Г., Неймарк А.И., Шевченко С.Ю. Частота встречаемости уропатогенов и динамика их чувствительности. Урология. 2015; 2: 13-6.
  12. Kantere D, Alvergren G, Gillstedt M et al. Clinical Features, Complications and Autoimmunity in Male Lichen Sclerosus. Acta Derm Venereol 2017; 97 (3): 365-9. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2537.
  13. Шевченко С.Ю. Кульчавеня Е.В., Зулин Я.В. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей в структуре поликлинического приема уролога. Медицина и образование в Сибири: эл. ресурс. 2013; 5. http://www.ngmu.ru/cozo/mos/article/text_full.php?id=1140
  14. Забиров К.И., Деревянко И.И., Марчук Н.В. Современные аспекты проблемы баланопостита. Consilium Medicum. 2004; 3 (6): 215-8.
  15. Вершинин А.Е., Шмелева Е.А. Микробиологические аспекты инфекционного баланопостита. Урология. 2015; 1: 90-3.
  16. Edwards S.K, Bunker C.B, Ziller F, van der Meijden W.I. 2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 25 (9): 615-26.
  17. Brito M.O, Khosla S, Pananookooln S et al. Sexual Pleasure and Function, Coital Trauma, and Sex Behaviors After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Among Men in the Dominican Republic. J Sex Med 2017; 14 (4): 526-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.01.020.
  18. Lemos M.P, Lama J.R, Karuna S.T et al. The inner foreskin of healthy males at risk of HIV infection harbors epithelial CD4+ CCR5+ cells and has features of an inflamed epidermal barrier. PLoS One 2014; 9 (9): e108954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108954. eCollection 2014.
  19. Dinh M.H, Fahrbach K.M, Hope T.J. The role of the foreskin in male circumcision: an evidence-based review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65 (3): 279-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00934.x
  20. Mukudu H, Otwombe K, Laher F et al. A Cross Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Preputial and Penile Scrotal Abnormalities among Clients Undergoing Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Soweto, South Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11 (6): e0156265. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156265. eCollection 2016.
  21. Malkoc E, Ates F, Tekeli H et al. Free nerve ending density on skin extracted by circumcision and its relation to premature ejaculation. J Androl 2012; 33: 1263-7.
  22. Hosseini S.R, Khazaeli M.H, Atharikia D. Role of postcircumcision mucosal cuff length in lifelong premature ejaculation: A pilot study. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 206-9.
  23. Bodakçi M.N, Bozkurt Y, Söylemez H et al. Relationship between premature ejaculation and postcircumcisional mucosal cuff length. Scand J Urol 2014; 47: 399-403.
  24. Halata Z, Munger B.L. The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis. Brain Res 1986; 37: 205-30.
  25. Winkelmann R.K. The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce. J Invest Dermatol 1956; 26: 53-67.
  26. Szabo R, Short R.V. How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? BMJ 2000; 320: 1592-4.
  27. Masters W.H, Johnson V.E. Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little Brown, 1966.
  28. Szasz G, Carpenter C. Clinical observations in vibratory stimulation of the penis of men with spinal cord injury. Arch Sex Behav 1989; 18: 461-74.
  29. Sarkarati M, Rossier A.B, Fam B.A. Experience in vibratory and electro-ejaculation techniques in spinal cord injury patients: A preliminary report. J Urol 1987; 138: 59-62.
  30. Bleustein C.B, Fogarty J.D, Eckholdt H et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurological sensation. Urology 2005; 65: 773-7.
  31. Tian Y, Liu W, Wang J.Z et al. Effects of circumcision on male sexual functions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2013; 15: 662-6.
  32. Morris B.J, Krieger J.N. Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity, or satisfaction? - a systematic review. J Sex Med 2013; 10 (11): 2644-57. doi: 10.1111/jsm.12293
  33. Laumann E.O, Masi C.M, Zuckerman E.W. Circumcision in the United States. Prevalence, prophyactic effects, and sexual practice. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 277: 1052-57.
  34. Richters J, Smith A.M, de Visser R.O et al. Circumcision in Australia: Prevalence and effects on sexual health. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17: 547-54.
  35. Nordstrom M.P, Westercamp N, Jaoko W et al. Medical Male Circumcision Is Associated With Improvements in Pain During Intercourse and Sexual Satisfaction in Kenya. J Sex Med 2017; 14 (4): 601-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.02.014
  36. Shenoy S.P, Marla P.K, Sharma P et al. Frenulum Sparing Circumcision: Step-By-Step Approach of a Novel Technique. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9 (12): PC01-3. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14972.6860
  37. Zavras N, Tsamoudaki S, Ntomi V et al. Predictive Factors of Postoperative Pain and Postoperative Anxiety in Children Undergoing Elective Circumcision: A Prospective Cohort Study. Korean J Pain 2015; 28 (4): 244-53. doi: 10.3344/kjp.2015.28.4.244
  38. Bhat G.S. Preputial Calculi: a Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Surg 2017; 79 (1): 70-2. doi: 10.1007/s12262-016-1452-7
  39. O'Neill P, Brown R. Penile Ulceration Secondary to Nicorandil Use. Urol Case Rep 2016; 10: 57-9. eCollection 2017 Jan.
  40. Huang Y.C, Huang Y.K, Chen C.S et al. Phimosis with Preputial Fissures as a Predictor of Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Adults. Acta Derm Venereol 2016; 96 (3): 377-80. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2244
  41. Кульчавеня Е.В., Хомяков В.Т. Туберкулез внелегочной локализации в Западной Сибири. Проблемы туберкулеза и болезней легких. 2003; 80 (4): 13-5.
  42. Кульчавеня Е.В. Контроль внелегочного туберкулеза в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке. Проблемы туберкулеза и болезней легких. 2008; 85 (9): 16-9.
  43. Лысов А.В., Охлопков В.А., Мордык А.В. и др. Хроническое течение длительно не выявляемого мочеполового туберкулеза. Урология. 2017; 5: 34-8. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/urology.2017.5.91-94
  44. Rotaru M, Tăban S, Ţăroi M et al. An immunocompetent young patient with tuberculosis of the penis: a challenging case. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2015; 56 (2): 569-74.
  45. Holt L. E. Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision. J Am Medl Assoc 1913; 61 (2): 99-102. doi: 10.1001/jama.1913.04350020025011
  46. Денисова В.М., Васильев М.М. Эрозивно-язвенный баланопостит в сочетании с гонорейной инфекцией. Вестн. дерматологии и венерологии. 2009; 5: 125-8.
  47. Соколова Т.В., Малярчук А.П. Кандидозный баланопостит - акуальная проблема поверхностных микозов кожи. Клин. дерматология и венерология. 2017; 16 (2): 22-43.
  48. Яковлев А.Б. Кандидозный баланопостит: этиология, клиническая картина, диагностика, лечение. Terra Medica. 2015; 1 (79): 18-24.

Copyright (c) 2018 Consilium Medicum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies