A clinical case of HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the kidney with pulmonary dissemination syndrome. Case report

The incidence of HIV infection continues to rise over the past several decades, causing serious concern among healthcare professionals. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) destroys the immune system, significantly reducing its protective functions and increasing the body's vulnerability to the development of oncological diseases. According to various authors, HIV-associated neoplasms tend to be more aggressive, and in most cases, the diagnosis is made at advanced stages, when the neoplasm has often spread to organs and systems distant from the primary site. A significant factor in this is the prolonged diagnosis of oncological diseases in HIV-infected patients, which is related to the complexity of interpreting research data and the similarity of the clinical picture of oncological processes with a range of other diseases and conditions associated with HIV. The reduction in CD4+ cell counts, the ineffectiveness of CD8+ cell responses, and the resulting immune dysregulation lead to a weakening of local immune surveillance. The functional activity of CD4+ cells is also crucial, as it influences tumor antigen recognition, the production of effective anti-tumor antibodies, and the response to oncogenic viral invasion – another pathogenetic factor contributing to the development of oncological diseases in the context of HIV. Likely, this contributes to early tumor dissemination even at initial disease stages, with pronounced involvement of extralymphatic organs and systems, due to the absence of barriers to hematogenous metastasis. Such early dissemination serves as additional evidence of significant impairments in anti-tumor immune control in HIV-infected individuals at all stages of malignant neoplasm development. Therefore, it is critically important for at-risk groups to maintain vigilance, undergo regular medical examinations, and promptly identify potential complications. This study presents a clinical case of a 30-year-old patient who developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and disseminated lung syndrome against the background of HIV infection. These data help to better understand the challenges of diagnosing and treating this combination of diseases and provide valuable information for improving medical care for patients with HIV.