Reconstructive surgery of the nose. Prospects of tissue engineering and three-dimensional printing in rhinosurgery: A review

Surgical intervention on the nose is a complex of operations aimed at restoring the anatomical and physiological structure of the nose. Traditionally, various methods are used in nasal surgery: the use of the patient's own tissues (autoplastic operations), implantation of biomaterials taken from other people (alloplastic operations), or synthetic or artificial materials to eliminate defects. However, the number of autogenous cartilages is limited, not to mention that additional incisions inevitably occur during the extraction of ear cartilage and rib cartilage, which can lead to complications in the donor area. Tissue engineering, which has been actively developing for many years, represents a promising approach to the reconstruction of tissues and organs, including the nose. Recently, there has been increased interest in creating new tissues and skeletons for organs using 3D printing technology. This technology allows precise control of the microarchitecture and internal structure, which creates ideal conditions for cell population. There are only a few studies devoted to tissue engineering of cartilage tissue, the use of stem cells and growth factors for this purpose. This review provides basic information about available research on standard surgical approaches, as well as the use of stem cells, biomaterials and three-dimensional printing for nasal reconstruction.