Heart failure as a complication of myocardial infarction: rational therapy. Case report

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is still a frequent complication of myocardial infarction. Timely identification of subjects at risk for HF development and early initiation of guideline-directed HF therapy in these patients, can decrease the HF burden. This article aims at summarizing clinical data on established pharmacological therapies in treating post-MI patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and signs and symptoms of HF.

About the authors

Igor V. Zhirov

Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

Author for correspondence.
Email: izhirov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4066-2661

D. Sci. (Med.), Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Natalia V. Safronova

Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology

Email: izhirov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6624-3804

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology

Russian Federation, Moscow

Sergey N. Tereshchenko

Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology

Email: izhirov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9234-6129

D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology

Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Roger VL. Epidemiology of heart failure. Circ Res. 2013;113(6):646-59. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300268
  2. Bahit MC, Kochar A, Granger CB. Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(3):179-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.015
  3. Jenča D, Melenovský V, Stehlik J, et al. Heart failure after myocardial infarction: incidence and predictors. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(1):222-37. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13144
  4. Niccoli G, Burzotta F, Galiuto L, et al. Myocardial no-reflow in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(4):281-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.054
  5. Ali AS, Rybicki BA, Alam M, et al. Clinical predictors of heart failure in patients with first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1999;138(6 Pt. 1):1133-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70080-3
  6. Shah RV, Holmes D, Anderson M, et al. Risk of heart failure complication during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in a contemporary population: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data ACTION Registry. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5:693-702. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.968180
  7. Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, et al. Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Investigators. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation. 2004;109(4):494-9. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000109691.16944.DA
  8. Desta L, Jernberg T, Löfman I, et al. Incidence, temporal trends, and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. The SWEDEHEART Registry (Swedish Web-System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies): a study of 199,851 patients admitted with index acute myocardial infarctions, 1996 to 2008. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(3):234-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.10.007
  9. Salomaa V, Ketonen M, Koukkunen H, et al. Decline in out-of-hospital coronary heart disease deaths has contributed the main part to the overall decline in coronary heart disease mortality rates among persons 35 to 64 years of age in Finland: the FINAMI study. Circulation. 2003;108(6):691-6. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000083720.35869.CA
  10. Dudas K, Lappas G, Stewart S, et al. Trends in out-of-hospital deaths due to coronary heart disease in Sweden (1991 to 2006). Circulation. 2011;123(1):46-52. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.964999
  11. Hung J, Teng TH, Finn J, et al. Trends from 1996 to 2007 in incidence and mortality outcomes of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: a population-based study of 20,812 patients with first acute myocardial infarction in Western Australia. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(5):e000172. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000172
  12. Sulo G, Igland J, Vollset SE, et al. Heart Failure Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction; Burden and Timing of Occurrence: A Nation-wide Analysis Including 86 771 Patients From the Cardiovascular Disease in Norway (CVDNOR) Project. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(1):e002667. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002667
  13. Gerber Y, Weston SA, Enriquez-Sarano M, et al. Mortality Associated With Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction: A Contemporary Community Perspective. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(1):e002460. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002460
  14. Daugherty SL, Ho PM, Spertus JA, et al. Association of early follow-up after acute myocardial infarction with higher rates of medication use. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(5):485-91; discussion 492. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.5.485
  15. Faridi KF, Peterson ED, McCoy LA, et al. Timing of First Postdischarge Follow-up and Medication Adherence After Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(2):147-55. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0001
  16. Tung YC, Chang GM, Chang HY, et al. Relationship between Early Physician Follow-Up and 30-Day Readmission after Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170061. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170061
  17. Gho JMIH, Postema PG, Conijn M, et al. Heart failure following STEMI: a contemporary cohort study of incidence and prognostic factors. Open Heart. 2017;4(2):e000551. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000551
  18. Wellings J, Kostis JB, Sargsyan D, et al. Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS 31) Study Group. Risk Factors and Trends in Incidence of Heart Failure Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(1):1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.005
  19. Kelly DJ, Gershlick T, Witzenbichler B, et al. Incidence and predictors of heart failure following percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the HORIZONS-AMI trial. Am Heart J. 2011;162(4):663-70. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.08.002
  20. Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ, et al. WISE Investigators. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3 Suppl.):S4-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.072
  21. Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska-Newton AM, et al. Twenty Year Trends and Sex Differences in Young Adults Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2019;139(8):1047-56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137
  22. Sorajja P, Gersh BJ, Cox DA, et al. Impact of multivessel disease on reperfusion success and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(14):1709-16. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm184
  23. Masci PG, Ganame J, Francone M, et al. Relationship between location and size of myocardial infarction and their reciprocal influences on post-infarction left ventricular remodelling. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(13):1640-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr064
  24. Carrick D, Haig C, Maznyczka AM, et al. Hypertension, Microvascular Pathology, and Prognosis After an Acute Myocardial Infarction. Hypertension. 2018;72(3):720-30. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10786
  25. Schmitt J, Duray G, Gersh BJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence, clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(9):1038-45. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn579
  26. Ertelt K, Brener SJ, Mehran R, et al. Comparison of Outcomes and Prognosis of Patients With Versus Without Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (the HORIZONS-AMI Study). Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(12):1917-23. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.03.016
  27. Shroff GR, Frederick PD, Herzog CA. Renal failure and acute myocardial infarction: clinical characteristics in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, on dialysis, and without chronic kidney disease. A collaborative project of the United States Renal Data System/National Institutes of Health and the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Am Heart J. 2012;163(3):399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.12.002
  28. Solomon SD, Anavekar NS, Greaves S, et al. HEART Investigators. Angina pectoris prior to myocardial infarction protects against subsequent left ventricular remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1511-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.069
  29. Nguyen TL, Phan JA, Hee L, et al. High-sensitivity troponin T predicts infarct scar characteristics and adverse left ventricular function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging early after reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2015;170(4):715-25.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.06.022
  30. Niu JM, Ma ZL, Xie C, et al. Association of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration with myocardial infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(3):6177-83. doi: 10.4238/2014.February.21.6
  31. Carvalho LSF, Bogniotti LAC, de Almeida OLR, et al. Change of BNP between admission and discharge after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Killip I) improves risk prediction of heart failure, death, and recurrent myocardial infarction compared to single isolated measurement in addition to the GRACE score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019;8(7):643-51. doi: 10.1177/2048872617753049
  32. Frangogiannis NG. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res. 2012;110(1):159-73. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.243162
  33. Al Aseri ZA, Habib SS, Marzouk A. Predictive value of high sensitivity C-reactive protein on progression to heart failure occurring after the first myocardial infarction. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2019;15:221-7. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S198452
  34. Xu M, Yan L, Xu J, et al. Predictors and prognosis for incident in-hospital heart failure in patients with preserved ejection fraction after first acute myocardial infarction: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(24):e11093. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011093
  35. Stumpf C, Sheriff A, Zimmermann S, et al. C-reactive protein levels predict systolic heart failure and outcome in patients with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with coronary angioplasty. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(5):1086-93. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2017.69327
  36. Zhang S, Diao J, Qi C, et al. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s12872-018-0812-6
  37. Fox CS, Muntner P, Chen AY, et al. Use of evidence-based therapies in short-term outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Circulation. 2010;121(3):357-65. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.865352
  38. Lewis EF, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD, et al. Predictors of the first heart failure hospitalization in patients who are stable survivors of myocardial infarction complicated by pulmonary congestion and/or left ventricular dysfunction: a VALIANT study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(6):748-56. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn062
  39. Prastaro M, Pirozzi E, Gaibazzi N, et al. Expert Review on the Prognostic Role of Echocardiography after Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(5):431-43.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.020
  40. Møller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, et al. Wall motion score index and ejection fraction for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2006;151(2):419-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.042
  41. Carluccio E, Tommasi S, Bentivoglio M, et al. Usefulness of the severity and extent of wall motion abnormalities as prognostic markers of an adverse outcome after a first myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(4):411-5. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00764-x
  42. Hayrapetyan HG, Adamyan KG. Prognostic usefulness of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(suppl_1):1280. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.P1280
  43. Meta-Analysis Research Group in Echocardiography (MeRGE) AMI Collaborators, Møller JE, Whalley GA, et al. Independent prognostic importance of a restrictive left ventricular filling pattern after myocardial infarction: an individual patient meta-analysis: Meta-Analysis Research Group in Echocardiography acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;117(20):2591-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738625
  44. Hillis GS, Møller JE, Pellikka PA, et al. Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular filling pressure by E/e' is a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(3):360-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.044
  45. Flachskampf FA, Schmid M, Rost C, et al. Cardiac imaging after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(3):272-83. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq446
  46. van der Bijl P, Abou R, Goedemans L, et al. Left Ventricular Post-Infarct Remodeling: Implications for Systolic Function Improvement and Outcomes in the Modern Era. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(2):131-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.08.014
  47. Ersbøll M, Valeur N, Mogensen UM, et al. Prediction of all-cause mortality and heart failure admissions from global left ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(23):2365-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.061
  48. Cai W, Dong Y, Tian L, et al. Predictive Value of Four-Dimensional Strain Echocardiography for Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Cardiology. 2018;139(4):255-64. doi: 10.1159/000486303
  49. Shin SH, Suh YJ, Baek YS, et al. Impact of area strain by 3D speckle tracking on clinical outcome in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography. 2016;33(12):1854-9. doi: 10.1111/echo.13354
  50. Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H, et al. Relationship Between Infarct Size and Outcomes Following Primary PCI: Patient-Level Analysis From 10 Randomized Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(14):1674-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.069
  51. de Waha S, Patel MR, Granger CB, et al. Relationship between microvascular obstruction and adverse events following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an individual patient data pooled analysis from seven randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(47):3502-10. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx414
  52. Carrick D, Haig C, Ahmed N, et al. Myocardial Hemorrhage After Acute Reperfused ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Relation to Microvascular Obstruction and Prognostic Significance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(1):e004148. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.004148
  53. Reinstadler SJ, Stiermaier T, Reindl M, et al. Intramyocardial haemorrhage and prognosis after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(2):138-46. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey101
  54. De Luca L. Established and Emerging Pharmacological Therapies for Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients with Heart Failure: a Review of the Evidence. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(5):723-35. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07027-4
  55. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации Минздрава России, 2020 г. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/156_1. Ссылка активна на 13.10.2022 [Chronic heart failure. Clinical guidelines of the Russian Ministry of Health, 2020. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/156_1. Accessed: 13.10.2022 (in Russian)].
  56. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599-726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
  57. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895-1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
  58. Острый коронарный синдром без подъема сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации Минздрава России, 2020 г. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/154_3. Ссылка активна на 13.10.2022 [Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation of the electrocardiogram. Clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2020. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/154_3. Accessed: 13.10.2022 (in Russian)].
  59. Острый коронарный синдром с подъемом сегмента ST электрокардиограммы. Клинические рекомендации Минздрава России, 2020 г. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend. Ссылка активна на 13.10.2022 [Acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation of the electrocardiogram. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2020. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend. Accessed: 13.10.2022 (in Russian)].
  60. Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
  61. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(14):1289-367. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
  62. Amsterdam E, Wenger N, Brindis R, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of patients with non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes. JACC. 2014;64(24):e139-228. doi: 10.1007/s12350-017-1137-z.
  63. O’Gara P, Kushner F, Aschein D, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. JACC. 2013;61(4):e78-140. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6
  64. Поляков Д.С., Фомин И.В., Беленков Ю.Н., и др. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность в Российской Федерации: что изменилось за 20 лет наблюдения? Результаты исследования ЭПОХА–ХСН. Кардиология. 2021;61(4):4-14 [Polyakov DS, Fomin IV, Belenkov YuN, et al. Chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation: what has changed over 20 years of follow-up? Results of the EPOCH-CHF study. Kardiologiia. 2021;61(4):4-14 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2021.4.n1628
  65. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030207
  66. Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, et al. Eplerenone Reduces Mortality 30 Days After Randomization Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(3):425-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc. 2005.04.038
  67. Pitt B, Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, et al. Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30%. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8(3):295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.11.008
  68. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Drexler H, et al. Rationale and design of the Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure (EMPHASIS-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(6):617-22. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq049
  69. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):11-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009492
  70. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285(13):1711-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711
  71. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;3:1495-504.
  72. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA. 2004;292(11):1307-16. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.11.1307
  73. Wright RS, Bybee K, Miller WL, et al. Reduced risks of death and CHF are associated with statin therapy administered acutely within the first 24 h of AMI. Int J Cardiol. 2006;108(3):314-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.014
  74. Strandberg TE, Holme I, Faergeman O, et al. IDEAL Study Group. Comparative effect of atorvastatin (80 mg) versus simvastatin (20 to 40 mg) in preventing hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(10):1381-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.377
  75. Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, et al. PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(11):2326-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.034
  76. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, et al. CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2248-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706201
  77. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, et al. Gissi-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1231-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61240-4
  78. Takagi H, Umemoto T. Atorvastatin, not rosuvastatin, improves cardiac function in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol. 2012;155(2):296-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.079
  79. Bonsu KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A. Lipophilic statin versus rosuvastatin (hydrophilic) treatment for heart failure: a meta-analysis and adjusted indirect comparison of randomised trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2016;30:177-88. doi: 10.1007/s10557-015-6636-z
  80. Lipinski MJ, Cauthen CA, Biondi-Zoccai GG, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of statins versus placebo in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(12):1708-16. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.07.055

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. ECG of patient M. Sinus rhythm, HR 75 bpm.

Download (242KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. ECG of patient K. Sinus bradycardia, heart rate 52 bpm.

Download (249KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2022 Consilium Medicum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies