Horse Chestnut Extract. Update-2022

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Horse chestnut is known as a venotonizing agent of plant origin. The main active ingredient of chestnut common extract is aescin. It has anti-edema, anti-inflammatory and venotonizing properties. The aescin medicinal agent should be used for chronic vein disease, hemorrhoidal disease and post-traumatic edema. The pharmacological properties of chestnut horse extract allow the inclusion of medications based on it in the rehabilitation program of patients who have suffered a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

About the authors

Vadim Yu. Bogachev

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: vadim.bogachev63@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3940-0787

D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Russian Federation, Moscow

Boris V. Boldin

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Email: vadim.bogachev63@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4488-9123

D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Russian Federation, Moscow

Pavel Yu. Turkin

Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Email: vadim.bogachev63@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6262-4770

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Petrova S, Yurukova L, Velcheva I. Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) as a biomonitor of air pollution in the town of Plovdiv (Bulgaria). J Biosci Biotech. 2012;1:241-247.
  2. Lorenz D, Marek ML. The active therapeutic principle of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Part 1. Classification of the active substance. Arzneimittelforschung. 1960;10:263-272 (in German).
  3. Pietta P, Mauri PJ, Maffei Facing R, Carini M. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of β-escin. J Chromatogr. 1989;478:259-63. doi: 10.1016/0021-9673(89)90026-5
  4. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report on Aesculus Hipoocastanum L., Semen. London, 2009. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/herbal-report/assessment-report-aesculus-hippocastanum-l-semen_en.pdf. Accessed: 18.03.2022.
  5. Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Griffini P. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Fitoterapia. 1996;67:483-511.
  6. Sirtori CR. Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacol Res. 2001;44(3):183-193. doi: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0847
  7. Meyer-Bertenrath J, Kaffarnik H. Zur enteralen Resorption von Aescin. Arzneimittelforschung. 1970;20(1):147-8.
  8. Madaus R, Erhring H, Winkler W, inventors; Madaus Holding GmbH, assignee. Reabsorbable aescin composition and method of making. United States Patent US3238104A. 1966 Mar 1. Available at: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/f8/d6/c2/3ad7f18af4b2f3/US3238104.pdf. Accessed: 18.03.2022.
  9. Panigati D. Farmacologia dell'escina, saponina dell'Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Parte II. Farmacologia dell'escina. Capitolo I. Boll Chim Farm. 1992;131(6):242-6 (in Italian)].
  10. Panigati D. Farmacologia dell'escina, saponina dell'Aesculus hippocastanum L. Parte II – Farmacodinamica dell'escina (Capitolo II). Boll Chim Farm. 1992;131(7):284-93 (in Italian)].
  11. Oschmann R, Biber A, Lang F, et al. Pharmakokinetik von beta-Aescin nach Gabe verschiedener Aesculus-Extrakt enthaltender Formulierungen. Pharmazie. 1996;51(8):577-81.
  12. Kunz K, Lorkowski G, Petersen G, et al. Bioavailability of escin after administration of two oral formulations containing aesculus extract. Arzneimittelforschung. 1998;48(8):822-5.
  13. Guillaume M, Padioleau V. Venotonic effect, vascular protection, antiinflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of horse chestnut extract. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994;44:25-35.
  14. Hitzenberger G. Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit des Rosskastaniensamenextraktes. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1989;139(17):385-9.
  15. Bettendorff L, Wirtzfeld B, Makarchikov A, et al. Discovery of a natural thiamine adenine nucleotide. Nat Chem Biol. 2007;3(4):211-2. doi: 10.1038/nchembio867
  16. Bettendorff L. Update on Thiamine Triphosphorylated Derivatives and Metabolizing Enzymatic Complexes. Biomolecules. 2021;11(11):1645. doi: 10.3390/biom11111645
  17. Frederich M, Delvaux D, Gigliobianco T, et al. Thiaminylated adenine nucleotides. Chemical synthesis, structural characterization and natural occurrence. FEBS J. 2009;276(12):3256-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07040.x
  18. Satoh S, Kreutz R, Wilm C, et al. Augmented agonist-induced Ca(2+)-sensitization of coronary artery contraction in genetically hypertensive rats. Evidence for altered signal transduction in the coronary smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1397-403. doi: 10.1172/JCI117475
  19. Kuriyama H, Kitamura K, Nabata H. Pharmacological and physiological significance of ion channels and factors that modulate them in vascular tissues. Pharmacol Rev. 1995;47:391-573.
  20. Tostes R, Wilde D, Bendhack L, Webb R. Calcium handling by vascular myocytes in hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1997;30(3):315-23. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X1997000300004
  21. Arnould T, Michiels C, Janssens D, et al. Hypoxia induces PMN adherence to umbilical vein endothelium. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;30(6):1009-16.
  22. Arnould T, Janssens D, Michiels C, Remacle J. Effect of aescin on hypoxia-induced activation of human endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;315: 227-33. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00645-0
  23. Janssens D, Michiels C, Arnould T, Remacle J. Effects of hydroxyethylrutosides on hypoxia-induced activation of human endothelial cells in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1996;118(3):599-604. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15443.x
  24. Michiels C, Arnould T, Janssens D, et al. Interactions between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells after their activation by hypoxia. A possible etiology for venous disease. Int Angiol. 1996;15(2):124-30.
  25. Sirtori C. Aescin: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacol Res. 2001;44(3):183-93. doi: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0847
  26. Facino R, Carini M, Stefani R, et al. Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase activities of saponins and sapogenins from Hedera helix, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Ruscus aculeatus: factors contributing to their efficacy in the treatment of venous insufficiency. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 1995;328:720-4. doi: 10.1002/ardp.19953281006
  27. Annoni F, Mauri A, Marincola F, Resele L. Venotonic activity of escin on the human saphenous vein. Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(4):672-5.
  28. Mrwa U, Guth K, Haist C, et al. Calcium-requirements for activation of skinned vascular smooth muscle from spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) and normotensive control rats. Life Sci. 1986;38:191-6. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90011-1
  29. Pearson P, Vanhoutte P. Vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances produced by the endothelium. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;122:1-67. doi: 10.1007/BFb0035273
  30. Longiave D, Omini C, Nicosia S, Berti F. The mode of action of aescin on isolated veins: relationship with PGF2. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1978;10:145-52. doi: 10.1016/s0031-6989(78)80072-1
  31. Perrin M, Ramelet AA. Pharmacological Treatment of Primary Chronic Venous Disease: Rationale, Results and Unanswered Questions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;41:117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.09.025
  32. Dudek-Makuch M, Studzinska-Sroka E. Horse chestnut-efficacy and safety in chronic venous insufficiency: an overview. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2015;25:533-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.05.009
  33. Pittler M, Ernst E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11(11):CD003230. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4
  34. Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines according to scientific evidence. Part I. International Angiology. 2018;37(3):181-254. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.18.03999-8
  35. Frick R. Three treatments for chronic venous insufficiency: escin, hydroxyethylrutoside, and daflon. Angiology. 2000;51:197-205. doi: 10.1177/000331970005100303
  36. Pittler M, Ernst E. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. A criteria-based systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1356-60. doi: 10.1001/archderm.134.11.1356
  37. Bielanski T, Piotrowski Z. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. J Fam Pract. 1999;48:171-2.
  38. Diehm C, Trampisch HJ, Lange S, Schmidt C. Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet. 1996;347:292-4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90467-5
  39. Rehn D, Unkauf M, Klein P, et al. Comparative clinical efficacy and tolerability of oxerutins and horse chestnut extract in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46:483-7.
  40. Greeske K, Pohlmann BK. Rosskastaniensamenextrakt – ein wirksames Therapieprinzip in der Praxis. Medikamentose Therapie der chronisch venösen Insuffizienz. Fortschr Med. 1996;114(15):196-200.
  41. Gianesini S, Obi A, Onida S, et al. Global guidelines trends and controversies in lower limb venous and lymphatic disease: Narrative literature revision and experts’ opinions following the vWINter international meeting in Phlebology, Lymphology & Aesthetics, 23–25 January 2019. Phlebology. 2019;34(Suppl. 1):4-66. doi: 10.1177/0268355519870690
  42. De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022;63:184-267. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024
  43. Клинические рекомендации. Варикозное расширение вен нижних конечностей. 2021. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/680_1. Ссылка активна на 18.03.2022 [Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Varikoznoe rasshirenie ven nizhnikh konechnostei. 2021. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/680_1. Accessed: 18.03.2022 (in Russian)].
  44. Pirard J, Gillet P, Guffens M, Defranceet P. Etude en double aveugle du Reparil en Proctologie. Rev Med Liege. 1976;31:343-5.
  45. Tolino A. Trattamento medico della sindrome varicosa anorettale in ginecologia ed ostetricia. Minerva Ginecol. 1979;31(3):169-74.
  46. Nini G, Di Cicco C. Valutazione clinica controllata di un nuovo antiemorroidario secondo un disegno sperimentale completamente randomizzato. Clin Ter. 1978;86(6):545-59.
  47. Chand M, Nash G, Dabbas N. The management of haemorrhoids. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2008;69(1):35-40. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2008.69.1.28039
  48. Popelka S, Runt M, Matejovsky Z. Uzití Rearilu v ortopedii a traumatologii. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 1973;40(3):256-8.
  49. Otto H, Arfeen N. Behandlung postoperativer Oedeme mit Reparil. Muensch Med Wochenschr. 1974;116:1085-8.
  50. Hefti F, Kappeler U. Klinischer Untersuchung von Aescin-Ampullen bei postoperativen und posttraumatischen Oedemen. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1975;64:73-7.
  51. Wilhelm R, Feldmeier C. Postoperative und posttraumatische Oedemprophylaxe und therapie. Med Klin. 1975;70:2079-83.
  52. Braga PC, Marabini L, Wang YY, et al. Characterisation of the antioxidant effects of Aesculus hippocastanum L. bark extract on the basis of radical scavenging activity, the chemiluminescence of human neutrophil bursts and lipoperoxidation assay. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(Suppl. 3):1-9.
  53. Stajner D, Popovic BM, Calic D, Stajner M. Comparative study of antioxidant status in androgenic embryos of Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus flava. Sci World J. 2014;11:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2014/767392
  54. Celep A, Yilmaz S, Coruh N. Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of Aesculus hippocastanum on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2012;20(3):692-8. doi: 10.6227/jfda.2012200318
  55. Guney G, Kutlu H, Iscan A. The apoptotic effects of escin in the H-ras transformed 5RP7 cell line. Phytother Res. 2013;27(6):900-5. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4804
  56. Mojzisova G, Mojzic J, Pilatova M, et al. Antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties of horse chestnut extract. Phytother Res. 2013;27(2):159-65. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4688
  57. Wang Y-W, Wang S-J, Zhou Y-N, et al. Escin augments the efficacy of gemcitabine through down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor-κB-regulated gene products in pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012;138(5):785-97. doi: 10.1007/s00432-012-1152-z
  58. Zhang F, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu G. Synergistic protective effects of escin and low-dose glucocorticoids on blood-retinal barrier breakdown in a rat model of retinal ischemia. Mol Med Rep. 2013;7(5):1511-5. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1374
  59. Gallelli L. Escin: a review of its anti-edematous, antiinflammatory, and venotonic properties. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:3425-37. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S207720
  60. Gallelli L, Zhang L, Wang T, Fu F. Severe Acute Lung Injury Related to COVID-19 Infection: A Review and the Possible Role for Escin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60(7):815-25. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1644
  61. Zampieron E. Horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum) for venous insufficiency. Int J Complement Alt Med. 2017;5(3):00153. doi: 10.15406/ijcam.2017.05.00153
  62. Idris S, Mishra A, Khushtar M. Phytochemical, ethanomedicinal and pharmacological applications of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum L. towards future medicine. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020; 31(5):/j/jbcpp.2020.31.issue-5/jbcpp-2019-0115/jbcpp-2019-0115.xml. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0115

Copyright (c) 2022 Consilium Medicum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies