Vol 18, No 2 (2025)

Currently, the problem of creating a new ethic that would describe relationships in the world of neurotechnology is understood not just as an international one (coordinating certain joint actions of different states), but as an inter-national one (integrating the efforts of different social actors within a certain epistemic solidarity). The ethics of studying the brain and working with it has a specific name – neuroethics. It is logical to assume that the concept of “neo-ethics” means the same thing. Anyway, there is no other definition. Although neuroethics includes two blocks with different features, which are discussed in this article. The problem is to determine the ratio of the volume and content of these concepts, of which the term “neo-ethics” does not yet meet the criteria of a scientific concept.

The main objective of the presented article is to consider the features of neuroethics as an emerging scientific problem. Neuroethics is examined from various perspectives. On the one hand, it is presented as a new topic in bioethics, while on the other, it is explored as a component of modern medical innovations known as «human enhancement». The social, economical and political consequences of the use of neurotechnologies in different fields of life are also analyzed. The need for critical reflection and ethical regulation of the use of neurotechnologies, especially directed by organizations as UNESCO are emphasized. This article proposes an enlarged understanding of the neurorights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Neurorights are a new category of rights that protect mental integrity from the exploitation of neurotechnologies. The study's findings are important for understanding modern legal concepts related to neurorights and adapting the existing norms to address ethical and social issues related to new technologies. The authors support the use of ethical concepts such as personal identification, free choice, mental autonomy, equal access and bias prevention. Issues related to mental autonomy include improper information handling, lack of legal security guarantees and violations of medical rights and freedoms. Studying these concerns is crucial for promoting appropriate neurotechnology development and use. The article highlights the importance of establishing clear ethical principles to protect individual rights and promote responsible use of neurotechnologies as well as the necessity to modify current regulatory frameworks to meet ethical and societal concerns related to emerging neurotechnologies.

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of war from the perspective of modern ethics. The authors examine four main approaches to assessing the moral aspects of warfare: realism, militarism, pacifism and just war theory. Each of these approaches has its own characteristics and is critically analysed by them. Particular attention is paid to the ethics of military medicine, which faces a number of specific problems in military conflicts. In the article, the authors raise the issue of the need to develop a code of military medical ethics. To this end, the vectors of codification of military medicine ethics at the international level, in particular in the USA, are investigated and possible conceptual foundations for the development of principles of military medical ethics in Russia are discussed. The issues of dual loyalty of military medics, the need for ethical principles in extreme conditions, and the contradictions between military necessity and medical indications are discussed. The authors emphasise that the proposed ethical principles in the code of military medical ethics should be based primarily on the position of moral realism. The results of the study can be considered the ideas of complementarity between the codification of Russian military-medical ethics and strategies for cultivating the moral competence of military medics. Such an approach will prevent the erosion of moral ethos and promote adherence to the ethical principles of military medicine. The authors emphasise the importance of balancing military and medical values, the need for specialised training of medics in ethical conflicts and the development of mechanisms for ethical compliance in combat situations. The authors note that defence of the homeland must include the defence of humanity even in war, as military values serve as a context for medicine's primary goal of preserving life and health, even when this is not possible. The work is of interest to specialists in ethics, military medicine and international relations, as well as to all those interested in morality and war.

This article analyzes the development of an aesthetic worldview and the formation of its fundamental categories and concepts. It demonstrates that aesthetic perception of the world originates as an immanent human desire for beauty, which gradually takes on a philosophical form. The concept of “beauty” becomes the primary category of aesthetics, which, in different eras and among different peoples, has been imbued with varying content and significance for the human spiritual world. Art influences physicians' activities indirectly, through the formation of their spiritual world and aesthetic values. It associatively shapes their sense of beauty and ugliness, of noble and base deeds, and influences their emotional state. Through allegories, symbols, and images, art indirectly teaches physicians empathy and compassion for the patient, calmness and balance, and many other qualities. The importance of the emotional sphere in physicians' activities is due to the fact that emotional experiences are inseparable from their mental and practical actions. It should be noted that Confucianism and Taoism utilize the same aesthetic categories, but interpret their content differently. Their philosophical approaches also differ. Confucianism is a socially oriented philosophy, while Taoism emphasizes the emotional and psychological aspects of art. While Confucianism associates the content of poetry and music with the concept of “perfection”, such as “perfect music, perfect poetry”, Taoists focused on the emotional impact of “perfect music, perfect poetry”, their spiritual and psychological content. The influence of emerging aesthetic views on human morality and ethics is revealed, thereby transforming aesthetic values into social values.

Globalization and the integration of the economic, political and informational space have led to changes in the tourism industry. Medical tourism as a promising area of modern healthcare, which has a high growth rate due not only to the social demand of modern society, but also to the competitive economic activity of the state, which includes not only medical institutions, advanced equipment and highly qualified specialists, but also a wide variety of business sectors such as insurance, banking, legal support, communications, transport. The authors consider a list of factors that allow the medical tourist to form a comprehensive understanding of the chosen medical tour, its affordability and the risk of additional financial expenses, the quality and safety of medical services, the possibility or absence of documentation support, the presence or absence of a language barrier, the likelihood of catamnestic monitoring and remote consultations, etc. and their impact on the development of the industry as a whole. The article highlights the factors of formation of the perceived value of a medical tour, differentiated by the level of management from federal to corporate. The development of medical tourism contributes to the revival of the medical services market, increased competition, and, as a result, improved quality of medical care.

This article examines the history of transplantology and the key ethical issues arising during its development. Spanning the period from the experiments of Alexis Carrel and Vladimir Demikhov to the first successful kidney and heart transplants, the authors describe the main stages in the development of this field of medicine and highlight the most significant events and scientific breakthroughs. An analysis of current achievements and challenges facing transplant specialists is provided. Particular attention is paid to the ethical aspects of transplantology, including legal issues and the moral responsibility of physicians to patients and society. This article examines in detail current debates surrounding bioethical issues related to the development of this field of medicine, including determining the moment of death, conflicts of interest among medical teams, and the right to dispose of the deceased's body. It emphasizes the need to uphold the principles of justice, respect for human dignity, and the patient's freedom of choice. The authors conclude that a balanced approach to the development of transplantation is essential, taking into account both scientific and technological progress and humanistic values. This article will be of interest to a wide range of readers, including medical students, practicing physicians, and bioethics researchers.