Russian Society Facing Modern Challenges. Reflections on the collective monograph by M.K. Gorshkov and N.E. Tikhonova, "Russian Society and the Challenges of the Time. Book Eight"

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Introduction
On May 29, 2025, Ves Mir Publishing House released the collective monograph "Russian Society and the Challenges of the Time. Book Eight," edited by RAS Academician M.K. Gorshkov and N.E. Tikhonova. Its print run was 500 copies. The publication of this collective monograph coincides with the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This peer-reviewed collective monograph consists of a preface, two sections, 14 chapters, key findings (instead of a conclusion), an appendix, and information about the authors.
This collective monograph is based on the results of an all-Russian study conducted by a working group of the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of a project supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) on the topic: “The Influence of Intangible Factors on the Consolidation of Russian Society in the Context of New Sociocultural Challenges and Threats” (project no. 20-18-00505, project manager: M.K. Gorshkov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy; members of the research team: E.D. Slobodenyuk, Ph.D. in Sociology; I.A. Andreev, junior research fellow; I.V. Dudin, junior research fellow; I.D. Kolennikova, Ph.D. in Sociology; I.O. Tyurina, Ph.D. in Sociology; N.E. Tikhonova, Doctor of Sociology; P.E. Sushko, (Sociological Sciences); R.E. Barash, Political Sciences; Yu.V. Latov, Doctor of Sociological Sciences). The first phase of the project covered the period 2020–2022, the second – 2023–2024.
This collective monograph uses data from various waves of the Monitoring, conducted first by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and then by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first survey in this project was conducted in October-November 2014, the second in March 2015, the third in October 2015, the fourth in March 2016, the fifth in October 2016, the sixth in May 2017, the seventh in October 2017, the eighth in March-April 2018, the ninth in October 2018, the tenth in June 2019, the eleventh in September 2020, the twelfth in March 2021, the thirteenth in March 2022, the fourteenth in May-June 2023, the fifteenth in April 2024, and the sixteenth in October 2024. The sample size in each wave ranged from 2,000 to 4,000 respondents, representing the country's adult population aged 18 years and older by parameters of gender, age, socio-professional status, education, and type of settlement of residence (p. 351).

Analysis of the Work
The preface (by M.K. Gorshkov) provides a basic overview of this work. In particular, it is noted that the new work continues the development of previous works by this group of authors [1; 2]. In Section I. The Dynamics of Mass Consciousness and Its Manifestations in the Period 2014–2024, the authors of this collective monograph present a detailed analysis of the decade. The period from 2014 to 2024 witnessed significant transformations in mass consciousness, caused by a number of factors: geopolitical upheavals, technological revolution, and information overload. These processes, in turn, were reflected in various forms of collective behavior and social phenomena. One of the main factors influencing the formation of mass consciousness was the escalation of geopolitical tensions, in particular, events related to Ukraine. Meanwhile, polarization of views, strengthening nationalist sentiments, and growing distrust of traditional institutions became characteristic features of this period. These trends were recorded by sociological services such as VTsIOM, the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Public Opinion Foundation, and the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, among others, as "fluctuations" in respondents' positions observed year after year.
The first chapter, "Russians' Perceptions of the Situation in the World, the Country, and Their Places of Residence" (A.L. Andreev), analyzes how Russians' perceptions of the situation in the world, the country, and their places of residence represent a highly complex kaleidoscope of opinions shaped by the geopolitical situation, socioeconomic factors, and personal experience. There is no single picture, as each person's worldview is shaped by a unique combination of circumstances. According to data from the Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, March 2022 saw a significant shift in Russians' perceptions of the situation in the country. The number of citizens considering the situation normal and calm fell almost in half, from 29.7% (March 2021) to 13.9%. At the same time, the share of respondents describing the situation as tense or in crisis increased from 59.5% to 70.1%. An increase was also recorded in the number of those assessing current events as catastrophic: this share rose from 10.8% to 16% (p. 14). At the global level, mixed attitudes toward international processes are evident. On the one hand, there is concern about growing instability, conflict, and economic inequality. On the other, there remains hope for a multipolar world in which Russia can play a more significant role. Skepticism toward Western institutions and ideas coexists with an interest in alternative development models.
The second chapter, "The Social Well-Being of Russians and Their Main Fears" (N.V. Latova and Yu.V. Latov), ​​demonstrates that the social well-being of Russians is a multifaceted concept, reflecting a general sense of comfort, confidence, and peace in their personal and public lives. According to N.V. Latova and Yu.V. Latov, the social well-being of Russians represents a complex and dynamic picture (pp. 39–40). It depends on a multitude of factors and requires constant attention from the state (and all its governing institutions) and society. In this regard, the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences plays a key role. Its research team conducts nationwide monitoring studies, the results of which are then shared with various relevant agencies, such as the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of Economic Development, and others.
Researchers believe that reducing social tension, improving living standards, and strengthening trust in the government are key tasks for ensuring a stable and prosperous future for the country. The main fears of Russians remain: financial instability, deteriorating health, and the security of their children's future.

The third chapter, "The Dynamics of Subjective Well-Being of the Russian Population in the Context of Confrontation with the Collective West" (N.V. Latova), examines how the geopolitical situation impacts Russians' feelings of happiness and life satisfaction. N.V. Latova identifies several key trends and factors (p. 51). On the one hand, the mobilizing effect of awareness of external threats can lead to social cohesion and a rise in patriotic sentiment. During such periods, people are inclined to pay less attention to personal problems and focus more on common goals, which can temporarily increase subjective well-being (pp. 53–54). It is important to note, however, that this effect is typically short-lived and quickly wears off. On the other hand, the economic consequences of sanctions and restrictions imposed by the collective West (the 19th sanctions package against Russia has already been adopted) negatively impact the population's standard of living. Rising prices, declining incomes, and uncertainty about the future—all of this objectively reduces subjective well-being. Furthermore, increasing information isolation and restrictions on freedom of movement may also negatively impact feelings of comfort and life satisfaction. In conclusion, it can be said that the dynamics of subjective well-being of the Russian population in the context of future confrontation with the collective West is a complex and contradictory process, dependent on a multitude of factors, from economic to psychological. Further research is needed for a more precise assessment.
Of particular interest is the fourth chapter, "Meaningful Attitudes and Normative-Value Systems of Russians in the Context of New Sociocultural Challenges" (N.N. Sedova), which discusses how traditional values ​​such as family, duty, and patriotism retain their significance, but their interpretation is taking on new nuances due to globalization, information flow, and technological progress. "For the majority of our fellow citizens (68.8%), freedom is an absolute priority over material well-being (only 30.8% of Russians prefer it to freedom)," writes N.N. Sedova (pp. 73–74).
In the area of ​​semantic attitudes, a strengthening of pragmatism and individualism is observed. It is particularly worth emphasizing that the pursuit of personal success, material well-being, and self-realization is becoming increasingly pronounced. However, this does not preclude the persistence of altruistic motives and the pursuit of the public good, especially in times of social crises.
In the fifth chapter, "Attitudes toward the Collective West amid the Escalating Information War" (P.E. Sushko), the narrative becomes increasingly complex and contradictory. It should be added that the information flow, saturated with propaganda and fake news from both sides, is creating a mosaic "picture" in the minds of Russians, making it extremely difficult to separate truth from fiction. Mistrust of Western media and political institutions is growing. They are accused of bias, double standards, and an attempt to discredit Russia.

P.E. Sushko notes that Russian policy, as assessed by its residents, is increasingly oriented not toward an alliance with Western countries and Europe, but toward developing ties with its closest neighbors and established geopolitical partners (an increase from 62.1% in 2014 to 73.9% in 2024) (p. 100). The image of the West as a geopolitical adversary seeking to restrain the country's development is actively supported by state media. On the other hand, interest in Western culture, technology, and lifestyle remains. Many Russians continue to travel, study, and work abroad, despite political tensions. A clear example of this is the weekend broadcast of the popular Russian travel show "The Life of Others" with Zhanna Badoeva on Channel One. Furthermore, Western goods and services continue to enjoy high popularity in the Russian market. Chapter six, "The Dynamics of Russians' Perception of the Main Contradictions in Russian Society" (I.V. Dudin), demonstrates that income inequality is one of the key contradictions recognized by Russians. The gap between rich and poor, the disproportionate access to education, healthcare, the precariousness of labor [3, pp. 51, 250], and other social benefits—these problems remain pressing and cause discontent among a significant portion of the population. However, the perception of inequality itself is evolving. While previously the demand for equalization was dominant, the concept of "fair distribution" [4], based on personal efforts and contributions to public welfare, is currently gaining increasing importance. This, in particular, and not only, is examined in detail in the monograph by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zh.T. Toshchenko, "The Fate of the Social Contract in Russia: The Evolution of Ideas and Lessons in Implementation" [5]. Chapter seven, "Ideological Segmentation of Mass Sections of the Population in Contemporary Russia" (N.E. Tikhonova), discusses how Russian society, which currently finds itself at a complex crossroads of socio-political and economic transformations, exhibits distinct ideological segmentation among broad sections of the population (p. 137). This segmentation, a result of historical experience, cultural traditions, and current realities, manifests itself in a diversity of value orientations, political preferences, and attitudes toward social institutions [6, pp. 99–100]. One of the key factors determining ideological segmentation is historical memory. Different generations of Russians, raised in different eras, have different perceptions of the country's past, present, and future. It should be acknowledged that nostalgia for the bright Soviet past, with its social justice and sense of collectivism, coexists with a critical attitude toward the authoritarian practices and economic failures of that era. Indeed, the younger generation, lacking personal experience of life in the USSR, often forms its worldview under the influence of global trends and values, such as individualism, freedom of expression, and environmental responsibility.

Section II. CHANGES IN THE DAILY LIFE OF RUSSIANS IN THE FACE OF NEW CHALLENGES highlights the dynamism and unpredictability of the modern world. Russia, as part of this world, faces new challenges that inevitably impact the daily lives of its citizens. These changes affect a wide range of aspects: from the economy and technology to the social sphere and interpersonal relationships. In conditions of uncertainty, the desire for social cohesion and mutual assistance is growing [7; 8]. Volunteer movements, charitable initiatives, and projects aimed at supporting vulnerable groups are becoming increasingly widespread. Citizens demonstrate an active civic position, participating in public life and vibrant discussions of important issues. In this chapter, the authors found that, overall, the daily life of Russians in the face of new challenges is characterized by adaptability, innovation, and a desire to maintain stability and well-being, as well as confidence in the future. In Chapter 8, "Foreign Policy Orientations of Russians in the Context of a 10-Year Confrontation with the West," R.V. Petukhov examines the ten-year period of escalating confrontation between Russia and the West, which has had a profound impact on Russian society's foreign policy orientations. Petukhov is undoubtedly correct that permanent sanctions, information warfare, and geopolitical rivalry have shaped a new reality in which perceptions of the West have undergone significant changes. It is also worth noting that the public consciousness has become increasingly convinced of the need to protect national interests and sovereignty, often interpreted as resistance to external pressure. This has led to increased support for policies aimed at strengthening defense capability and developing alternative foreign policy alliances. Despite anti-Western rhetoric, Russians continue to demand constructive dialogue and cooperation in areas of mutual interest. However, the prerequisite for this is seen as equal partnership and consideration of Russia's interests in the international arena. Of particular interest to the reader is the ninth chapter, “Perception of Social Inequality in Modern Russia: Status and Dynamics” (N.D. Kolennikova). Social inequality is one of the key issues determining public opinion and political stability in modern Russia. The perception of this phenomenon, its scale and causes vary depending on socio-demographic characteristics, level of education and access to information. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences M.K. Gorshkov expressed an interesting opinion on this matter: “As the period of post-Soviet transformations shows, the severity of the problem of inequality in the mass consciousness does not decrease either during economic downturns or during economic booms. <…> Among the non-monetary inequalities, those associated with the basic aspects of quality of life – medicine and housing – are most acutely perceived by our fellow citizens. They are followed by a group of inequalities associated with opportunities for social mobility – inequality” in access to promising work, decent education, as well as unequal starting conditions for children belonging to different social groups [9, p. 154–155].

The general mood in society indicates growing concern about the widening gap between rich and poor. Economic crises, inequitable distribution of resources, and corruption exacerbate this feeling, undermining trust in government institutions and causing social tension. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences M.F. Chernysh notes that there is another point of view, recognizing the inevitability of some level of inequality in a market economy [10, pp. 7–9]. Proponents of this position believe that income differences motivate people to work and engage in entrepreneurship, fostering economic growth and innovation. The dynamics of perceptions of social inequality in recent years have been characterized by increasing critical sentiments and growing demands on the state to ensure social justice. Society expects the government to take effective measures to combat poverty, support socially vulnerable groups, and create equal opportunities for all citizens.
In Chapter 10, "Poverty and Low Income in Everyday Life in Russia," E.D. Slobodenyuk highlights the problems of poverty and low income, which, unfortunately, remain an integral part of Russian reality, affecting millions of citizens. These are not just statistical data, but real stories of people facing difficulties in meeting basic needs. According to sociologist P.V. Belopashentseva, modern studies of the problem of poverty in Russia focus on identifying vulnerable groups of the population, determined by socio-demographic, professional and geographic characteristics. Moreover, these studies are aimed at developing effective ways to provide targeted assistance and reduce the level of poverty in the country [11, p. 80]. Lack of financial resources limits access to quality education, health care and decent housing. This creates a vicious circle, when children from low-income families are deprived of the opportunity to receive a good education and, consequently, escape poverty in the future. “People do not want to put up with poverty, corruption, theft, crime, the existence of which many politicians try to explain with objective reasons,” concludes Z.T. Toshchenko [12, p. 286]. Low incomes and unstable employment lead to psychological stress, poor health, and social isolation [13, pp. 201–202]. Many people are forced to economize on essentials, forgoing adequate food, clothing, and medication. In the face of rising prices and inflation, low-income groups are becoming even more vulnerable. State social programs and benefits often fail to cover real needs, and bureaucratic procedures make them difficult to obtain. Overcoming poverty and low-income status requires a comprehensive approach, including raising the minimum wage, creating new jobs, developing a social support system, and improving access to education and healthcare. It is essential to create conditions in which every person can realize their potential and secure a dignified life.
Chapter eleven, "Transformation of Social Capital in Russian Society" (Yu.V. Latov), ​​discusses how social capital, defined as the sum of social connections, norms, and trust, is a key factor in socioeconomic development. In Russian society, which is experiencing a period of profound transformation, social capital is undergoing significant changes, reflecting new challenges and opportunities (p. 226). One of the key trends is the erosion of traditional forms of social capital based on collectivist values ​​and paternalistic relationships. This is associated with the transition to a market economy, the rise of individualism, and the weakening of civil society institutions.
The transformation of social capital in Russian society is a complex and multifaceted process that requires the active participation of the state, business, and citizens (p. 229). The successful development of social capital is the key to the country's sustainable development, improved quality of life, and stronger social cohesion.

Chapter 12, "Private Entrepreneurship in the Public Consciousness and Social Practices of Russians" (A. Yu. Chepurenko, N. D. Kolennikova), examines the dual status of private entrepreneurship in Russia, reflecting the complex interrelations between historical legacy, economic realities, and sociocultural characteristics. It should be noted that in the public consciousness, the image of the entrepreneur often oscillates between a successful innovator creating jobs and benefiting society, and a cunning businessman seeking solely personal gain. This ambivalence has its roots in the Soviet past, where private initiative was limited, and entrepreneurial activity was associated with speculation and unearned income. The transition to a market economy in the 1990s, accompanied by crime and an unfair distribution of resources, also left a negative imprint on the public consciousness. However, despite these negative stereotypes, more and more Russians view private enterprise as a genuine opportunity for self-fulfillment and improved well-being. The development of digital technologies, the availability of online education, and government support for small and medium-sized businesses are contributing to the growth of entrepreneurial activity. In social practice, this is reflected in the increasing number of self-employed individuals, the development of the startup movement, and the emergence of new forms of cooperation and crowdfunding. Young people are increasingly choosing entrepreneurship, seeing it as an opportunity to realize their ideas and become independent. At the same time, the successful development of private enterprise requires overcoming a number of obstacles, such as administrative barriers, lack of funding, and low trust in government institutions. It is important to foster a positive image of entrepreneurs, support innovative projects, and create a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
In Chapter 13, "Behavioral Strategies of Russians in the Context of Escalating Confrontation with the West," A.V. Karavai examines the impact of the escalating confrontation with the West, which has been ongoing for over a decade, on Russians' behavioral strategies. This is evident in various areas of life, from economic decisions to political preferences. According to data from the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2024, the country's population experienced an increased "workload" due to financial shortages. Specifically, these include one-time side jobs (34.5%), work on household plots (34.4%), overtime at their main place of work (29.9%), and assistance from close circles (20.1%) (p. 269).

In the economic sphere, there is a growing focus on the domestic market and import substitution. Interest in domestic producers and local brands is growing. Savings are increasingly being invested in ruble-denominated assets, as well as domestic real estate. The social sphere is characterized by increased social solidarity and patriotic sentiment. Citizens are demonstrating a willingness to support national interests and defend sovereignty. Volunteer movements and public organizations aimed at helping those in need and upholding traditional values ​​are gaining increasing popularity. In the political sphere, support for the government and its commitment to an independent foreign policy is growing. At the same time, demand for constructive dialogue and peaceful conflict resolution remains. Society favors a pragmatic approach based on protecting national interests and taking into account the realities of a multipolar world.
The final, but no less interesting, chapter fourteen is "Family and the Fertility Problem in the Life Attitudes of Russians" (R.E. Barash). The family, traditionally one of the key social values, is undergoing a period of transformation in contemporary Russia (p. 284). The significance of the family in the system of life attitudes of Russians remains high, but ideas about its structure, functions and place in the hierarchy of priorities are undergoing changes under the influence of economic, social and cultural factors. The role of the family and youth as the strategic potential of our country was discussed at length in the reports at the XIX International Scientific Conference "Sorokin Readings" held on February 17, 2025 [14]. The birth rate problem, which is acutely facing the country, is closely linked to these transformations. The demographic situation, characterized by population decline and aging, requires special attention to the factors influencing the reproductive behavior of Russians. Today, children born during the so-called "demographic trough" of the 1990s are becoming parents (p. 285). According to official Rosstat data, compared to 2014 figures, the number of births in 2023 decreased from 1,947,301 to 1,264,938, a decrease of approximately 1.6 times (46%). Unfortunately, this trend continues today (pp. 285–286). Financial well-being plays a significant role in the decision to have children. Financial instability, lack of affordable housing, and high costs of education and healthcare are serious obstacles for many families. State support for motherhood and childhood is undoubtedly important, but its effectiveness largely depends on a comprehensive solution to economic problems and the creation of a favorable environment for families with children.
Along with material factors, sociocultural factors also influence the birth rate. Changing value orientations, a focus on career and self-realization, delayed marriage, and the spread of alternative family forms (such as common-law marriage) also influence reproductive behavior. The general psychological climate in society and confidence in the future also influence fertility.

Conclusion
I was left with a positive impression after reading the collective monograph "Russian Society and the Challenges of the Time. Book Eight." The authors demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject and an ability to synthesize disparate facts. They are unafraid to question established dogmas, offering their own well-founded conclusions. The reader witnesses a captivating intellectual journey, where new discoveries and unexpected perspectives lurk around every turn. The methodological rigor of the study deserves special attention. The scholars carefully select their sources, critically assessing the reliability and relevance of each. However, it should be noted that the work is not without some controversial aspects. Individual assertions may raise questions and require further study. However, this does not detract from the value of the work as a whole. On the contrary, such aspects stimulate scholarly discussion and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. The study, conducted by scientists from the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, will undoubtedly become a valuable resource for specialists in this field, as well as for anyone interested in the development of Russian science.

About the authors

Andrey Hazov

Alatyr branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education ChSU named after. I.N. Ulyanova

Author for correspondence.
Email: hazov_andr@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6684-9179
SPIN-code: 5431-5783
Scopus Author ID: 57194725902
ResearcherId: KIG-8628-2024

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor

Russian Federation, 429820 Russia Chuvash Republic, Alatyr city, Pervomayskaya street, 70

References

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