Spinal ultrasound evaluation and its usage during regional anesthesia


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- Manoj Kumar Karmakar

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Prince of Wales Hospital

Доцент, руководитель отдела детской анестезиологии, кафедра анестезиологии и интенсивной терапии

参考

  1. Cork R. C. et al. Ultrasound localization of the lumbar epidural space // Anesthesiology. 1980; 52: 513-516.
  2. Currie J. M. Measurement of the depth to the extradural space using ultrasound // Brit. J. Anaesth. 1984; 56: 345-347.
  3. Grau T. et al. The lumbar epidural space in pregnancy: visualization in pregnancy // Brit. J. Anaesth. 2001; 86(6): 798-804.
  4. Thomas Grau et al. Paramedian access to the epidural space: The optimal window for ultrasound imaging // Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001; 13: 213-217.
  5. Grau T. et al. Ultrasound Imaging Facilitates localization of the epidural space during combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia // Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. 2001; 26(1): 64-67.
  6. Grau T. et al. Real-time ultrasonic observation of combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia // Eur. J. of Anaesthesiology. 2004; 21: 25-31.
  7. Karmakar M. K. et al. Real-time Ultrasound Guided Paramedian Epidural Access - Evaluation of a Novel In-plane Technique // Br. J. Anaesth. 2009; 102(6): 845-854.

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