Современные представления о функции внешнего дыхания лыжников-гонщиков: бронхоконстрикция, сезон и работоспособность

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Обзор систематизирует современные знания об адаптации и дезадаптации системы внешнего дыхания и вентиляции во время физической нагрузки у лыжников-гонщиков как представителей спортсменов, тренирующих выносливость. В последнее время исследователи заявляют о возможной лимитирующей роли системы внешнего дыхания для физической работоспособности и результативности спортсменов, однако эти работы остаются малочисленными и иногда противоречивыми. Обзор охватывает как общеизвестные изменения в виде бронхоконстрикции дыхательных путей, индуцированных физической нагрузкой, так и менее известные феномены, такие как сезонная динамика функции внешнего дыхания лыжников-гонщиков. Показано, что бронхоконстрикция, индуцированная физической нагрузкой, является часто встречающейся особенностью профессиональных лыжников, тренирующихся в сухом холодном климате, она имеет две различные формы: астматическую и не астматическую. При этом недостаточно исследований, раскрывающих влияние бронхоконстрикции на выносливость спортсменов. Динамическое изменение резерва дыхания при физической нагрузке у лыжников может служить ценным показателем дезадаптации и адаптации системы дыхания к спортивной деятельности. А наличие подтверждённой годовой динамики показателей функции внешнего дыхания следует учитывать при проведении исследований и интерпретации результатов спирометрии. В обзоре впервые предпринята попытка комплексного осмысления механизмов ограничения физической работоспособности спортсменов со стороны системы внешнего дыхания. К ключевым факторам, лимитирующим потребление кислорода при физической нагрузке у лыжников-гонщиков, отнесены утомление дыхательных и локомоторных мышц, развитие гипоксемии, ограничение потока выдоха. Эти данные необходимы для разработки более эффективных стратегий профилактики нарушений функции лёгких для поддержания физической работоспособности спортсменов на высоком уровне.

Об авторах

Алла Константиновна Веселик

Институт физиологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Федерального исследовательского центра «Коми научный центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: veselik.ak@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8376-7570
SPIN-код: 4473-8093
Россия, Сыктывкар

Нина Геннадьевна Варламова

Институт физиологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Федерального исследовательского центра «Коми научный центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»

Email: nivarlam@physiol.komisc.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1444-4684
SPIN-код: 6023-5441

д-р биол. наук, доцент

Россия, Сыктывкар

Евгений Рафаилович Бойко

Институт физиологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Федерального исследовательского центра «Коми научный центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»

Email: boiko60@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8027-898X
SPIN-код: 5402-8176

д-р мед. наук, профессор

Россия, Сыктывкар

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