ENDOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

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Abstract

The problem of irrational use of antibacterial drugs and the rapidly growing antibiotic resistance can be viewed as an endoecological disaster and a threat to modern society. According to the forecasts of the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the mortality rate due to infectious diseases by 2050 will constitute 10 million people a year and will join neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases as the leading causes of death. On the other hand, the development of antibiotic resistance is a part of the evolution of bacteria and their adaptation to new living conditions. Since the discovery of penicillinno antimicrobial drug has escaped the appearance of bacterial resistance. From the moment a new antibiotic is discovered until the first strains of microorganisms become resistant to it, 1-2 years pass, indicating a high variability and plasticity of the bacterial genetic apparatus. This literature review summarizes the evidence on the main evolutionary and pathogenetic aspects of the emergence of bacterial resistance ways to reduce the problem of antibiotic resistance. The mechanisms of action of both lethal and subinhibitory concentrations of antibacterial drugs on the bacterial population, aspects of selection of bacteria with an increased number of mutations, as well as methods for increasing the number of mutations of microorganisms due to the direct mutagenic effect of antibiotics, including oxidative damage, nucleotide pool imbalance and general reactions to stress are described. However, the most important mechanism for the evolution and adaptation of bacteria, including escape from the immune response, as well as the distribution of genes that increase virulence and resistance to antibiotics, is to obtain foreign DNA sequences from other organisms through horizontal gene transfer. Thus, the knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance can help prevent the misuse of antibiotics and become a critical step in understanding the ecology and evolution of bacteria and their symbiotic relationships with a human organism.

About the authors

N. V. Davidovich

Northern StateMedicalUniversity

кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры клинической биохимии, микробиологии и лабораторной диагностики

N. V. Solovieva

Northern StateMedicalUniversity

E. N. Bashilova

Northern StateMedicalUniversity

T. A. Bazhukova

Northern StateMedicalUniversity

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Copyright (c) 2020 Davidovich N.V., Solovieva N.V., Bashilova E.N., Bazhukova T.A.

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