Vol 28, No 1 (2025)

When describing world history, two conceptual approaches or two models are used. The first model is a sequential change of socio-economic formations "feudalism – capitalism – socialism" or a cyclical model of changing world economic patterns to describe the development of processes over time. The second model is the model of civilizations (according to N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee). Civilizational formations are much more stable and long-lived. In the article, the second approach is used mainly to represent the differences, similarities, and interaction of groups of countries "in space". Two groups of countries: (1) the countries of the West (in the article – "the civilization of liberalism") and (2) the countries of the emerging association of the multipolar world (MPM) (in the article – "the civilization of statehood") are in a long-term multilateral confrontation. In this article, a synthesis of two models is proposed to identify the basic factors of the process of changing formations of "feudalism – capitalism – socialism" against the background of two civilizations opposing each other. In this article, a synthesis of two models is proposed to identify the basic factors of the process of changing formations of "feudalism – capitalism – socialism" against the background of two civilizations opposing each other. According to the synthetic model, the capitalist formation was more likely to originate in the countries of liberalism. Its expansion into the countries of statehood provoked a response (according to Toynbee) in the form of the emergence of a formation of socialism there. The model reflects the following facts: the low probability of establishing a socialist social arrangement in the countries of liberalism, as well as the fact that the sequence of formations "feudalism – capitalism – socialism" is not universal. In countries with the ideology of statehood, it is possible to build socialism without going through the stage of developed capitalism. To identify the role of ideologies, the division of this category into two concepts is introduced – intellectually formalized ideology (IFI) and deep ideology (DI). The final section discusses the development of new formations after capitalism and socialism, as well as the influence of the uncertainty factor on historical dynamics. The relevance of developing a synthetic model is related to the relevance of "introducing" historical knowledge into the life of society, studying history, expanding and deepening its teaching, and taking it into account when forming a political strategy.

The subject of study is the mechanism of influence of aesthetic factor on job contentment and attitude to labor. The object of study is the socio-cultural sphere of the enterprise in the context of its interaction with other subsystems. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and methodological generalization of the results of the empirical analysis carried out during testing the hypothesis of the significance of the emotions in the labor productivity. The research touches upon issues of economics, sociology, cultural studies, axiology and other disciplines. The main conclusions were obtained around their intersection. The relevance of the study is due to the fundamental uncertainty of labor efficiency problems at the corporate level. The supposed scientific novelty lies in the formulation and empirical verification of the mechanism of influence of the aesthetic perception on labor efficiency.

The work was based on empirical data obtained in a longitudinal study conducted in 2001–2003 at a manufacturing enterprise implementing anti-crisis measures. Thus, the article contains both methodological generalizations and a description of the specific experience of their application. The main research methods were closed and open questionnaire surveys, focus groups, as well as numerical interpretation of expert opinions. An empirical analysis of labor productivity dynamics and labor attitudes in all professional groups revealed a sustainable effect of aesthetic actions on a change for the better in the emotional attitude to work and a positive revaluation of employee expectations.

The following results were obtained during the study: a model for correcting attitudes to labor through aesthetic influences was developed; the conditions for achieving effectiveness and the limitations of the proposed approach were determined.

The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of the Russian tariff and tax policy of compulsory pension insurance from the standpoint of performing the institutional function of the state pension system – effective formation of pension rights of citizens. The methodological basis of the study was formed by general and special methods of scientific knowledge: analysis (economic and statistical, financial, systemic, comparative) of theoretical and practical material and synthesis, expert assessments. The information base of the study is officially published data from Rosstat, the SFR and the OECD. The article shows that the current tariff and tax policy of the OPS is focused on macroeconomic functions in the budget system to the detriment of social priorities of long-term sustainable development of the state, since it significantly limits the main categories of the employed population in the formation of individual pension rights for a dignified old age. The main reason for this is that the tariff policy is fully integrated into the tax and budget systems of the country and is aimed only at implementing the redistribution function.

The study was accomplished with the support of grant from the Russian Scientific Foundation no. 24-28-00306 to the Financial University “Actuarial and statistical analysis and the estimate of the risks of the global digitalization of economy for providing the execution of financial provision of pension responsibilities on the state and strategic stability of the state pension system in the Russian Federation”.

Purchasing interventions lead to the emergence of a more profitable sales channel for market participants, which determines the movement of market prices towards a new, higher value equal to the purchase price of goods in the intervention fund. The value of market prices increases to intervention prices in proportion to the share of public procurement in total market sales. The proposed model, based on the law of a single price, connects market prices, purchase prices, export and domestic sales volumes, as well as the volume of procurement interventions. Using the regression modeling method, the model was calibrated according to the value of elasticity of domestic sales and exports to domestic prices (–0,772946). The results of economic and statistical calculations based on the developed model allowed us to conclude about the impact of procurement interventions on wheat prices in the domestic market of the Russian Federation in August-December 2022. During this period, the state purchased 3 million ton of wheat worth 46,4 billion rubles. This allowed for a price increase of up to 4–5% in some months, as well as a reduction in the coefficient of variation in prices in the Russian domestic wheat market from 18,23 to 16,74% in 2022. Taking into account the available wheat stocks of farmers’ prices for this crop could be increased by 6–7% in each of the months of the procurement session under consideration in the case of additional wheat purchases to the intervention fund.

The article analyzes the concept, evaluation and reasons for emerging theoretical ideas in energy efficiency in the historical aspect. High importance for society of energy resources and crisis phenomena in the hydrocarbon market in the 20th century were the reasons for emerging and further developing of the concept of energy security in the policy of oil-importing countries which was subsequently transformed into a long-term government policy of energy efficiency improvement. The evolution of the efficiency valuation tool indicates that it becomes an accumulative outcome reflecting the effectiveness of public policy measures in the area of diversification of energy supply sources and transition to a green economy. The reasons for speculating on the idea of energy efficiency by Western importing countries are explained from the perspective of the resource theory of system organization of economy. Despite the processes of globalization and liberalization existing in the world, the economies of Western countries are focused on the formation of “concentration of energy resources in one country”, and their goal is to gain economic leadership in disposable resources. Definitions of energy conservation and energy efficiency were formulated. Energy conservation is the process of managing energy loss that has not yet occurred. Energy efficiency characterizes such a state of the economic system that allows reducing not yet arisen energy loss in a certain economic activity in order to achieve a given socio-economic result under constraints. Such constraints can be availability of energy sources, energy security, climatic conditions etc.

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