Dielectric Characteristics of Highly Diluted Aqueous Diclofenac Solutions in the Frequency Range of 20 Hz to 10 MHz

Abstract

It is found that electrical conduction of highly diluted aqueous diclofenac solutions nonmonotonically depends on their concentration under serial centesimal dilutions with vigorous shaking. Nonmonotonic dependence is also observed under further serial centesimal dilutions by the same technique applied to the solutions, in which the notion of concentration of initial substance loses its meaning. Conductivity of the samples evolve for 14 days, within which it increases, and the extrema become sharper. Permittivity of the samples at the frequencies of 100 kHz to 3 MHz remains almost constant (to an accuracy of 0.2%). No relaxation processes and permittivity increment are observed in the solutions. At lower frequencies of 10 kHz to 20 Hz, capacitance considerably increases with increasing conductivity of the solution, but this is due to the diffusion process at the solution−electrode interface and has nothing to do with the solution bulk properties. It is shown in the Introduction that water is a complex heterogenic nonequilibrium system sensitive to weak effects of physical nature and capable of self-organization.