Common and Distinctive Features in the Organization of Catecholamine-Containing Systems in Gastropods and Nemerteans: Evolutionary Aspects

Abstract

This study provides new data on the distribution of catecholamine-containing regulatory cells and their innervation of different body parts and organs in gastropods and nemerteans. General and specific principles of the morphogenesis of catecholaminergic neuroendocrine systems are discussed. The data support the universality of some principles of their structure and functioning. The results suggest that catecholaminergic systems may participate in mechanosensory functions, locomotion and other motor actions; in the regulation of the alimentary system; in functioning of the endocrine glands associated with sexual functions; in the fulfilment of central integrative functions; and in the implementation of different types of defensive behavior.