Functional differentiation of teeth in the wolf (Canis lupus, Canidae, Carnivora)

Abstract

Vector analysis has been used to investigate the functions of incisors, canine teeth, premolars, and molars in a sample of 411 wolf skulls and to elucidate the morphological features that confer resistance to mechanical loading (pressure from the prey tissues upon jaw clenching and fracture under pressure directed along the jaw) to the teeth. Differentiation of the teeth was due to functional differences and showed only partial conformity to the anatomical nomenclature. Canine teeth and i³ serve for the infliction of wounds upon an attack. These teeth, together with I1-2/1-3, are used to tear off parts of the prey. The premolars p1-3/2-4 are used to hold, tear off, and carry parts of the prey. The carnassials р⁴ and m₁ are used to break bones and cut the soft tissues. The rear part (talonid) of m₁ and m1-2/2 serve for further disintegration of food. The anterior premolars p1/1 and m₃ are undergoing a rudimentation process, as evident from higher frequency of developmental defects compared to that in other teeth. Breakage and chipping of the teeth is rare, except for cases of extreme loading, since mechanical strength of the teeth is sufficiently high.