Changes in mucosal immunity of oral cavity upon tooth loss in patients with periodontal diseases

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Abstract

Partial or complete loss of teeth occurs in elderly and senile people, caused, mainly, by chronic generalized periodontitis. At the same time, the impact of presence or absence of persisting teeth and periodontium, is practically not covered in the literature as a factor of balance in the oral cavity, including local immunity of the mucous membranes. Our work concerned the changes in local immunity of the oral cavity occuring with the loss of natural teeth. We have observed 45 elderly people who were divided into 3 study groups, i.e., without inflammatory periodontal pathology (1), with periodontitis (2) and with chronic periapical inflammatory processes in the absence of periodontal inflammation (3). In order to sanitize oral cavity before the upcoming dental prosthetics, the patients of study groups 2 and 3 underwent extraction of all teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Indices of local immunity of the oral cavity in the salivary fluid of patients were assessed before surgical sanitation of the oral cavity (before the teeth extraction) and 30-35 days after removal of the last tooth. We have measured the salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin-1â (IL-1â), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-á (TNFá), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., receptor antagonist of interleukin-1 (RAIL), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10)), as well as contents of antimicrobial peptides in saliva (catelicidin LL-37 and alphadefensins 1-3 (HNP1-3). We have found that the development of inflammation in severe inflammatory periodontal diseases, in particular, chronic generalized periodontitis requiring tooth extraction for oral cavity sanitation is characterized by functional insufficiency of secretory immunity of the oral mucosa associated with decreased secretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and antimicrobial peptides of neutrophilic origin, as well as a shift in the salivary cytokine balance towards increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Removal of teeth, as the main source of inflammation and the basis for maintenance of dysbiotic microbiome biofilm leads to elimination of inflammation and the restoration of immune balance in the oral cavity.

About the authors

Mikhail E. Malyshev

St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine

Author for correspondence.
Email: malyshev1972@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7549-682X
SPIN-code: 3547-1349
Scopus Author ID: 57203885128
ResearcherId: J-5751-2016

PhD, MD (Biology) Professor, Department of Facial and Maxillar Surgery, and Surgical Dentistry, St. Petersburg State University; Head, City Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Serodiagnostics, St. Petersburg I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

Camil A. Kerimkhanov

Dental Clinic “Art Class” SK” LLC

Email: malyshev1972@yandex.ru

Orthopedic Dentist, Dental Clinic “Art Class” SK” LLC

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

Andrey K. Iordanishvili

S. Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: professoraki@mail.ru

PhD, MD (Medicine) Professor, Department of Facial and Maxillar Surgery, and Surgical Dentistry, S. Kirov Military Medical Academy

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

Alexey O. Bumai

St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine

Email: bumai_ao@list.ru

Senior Lecturer, Department of Facial and Maxillar Surgery, and Surgical Dentistry, St. Petersburg State University; Deputy Chief for Surgery, St. Petersburg I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

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Copyright (c) 2022 Malyshev M.E., Kerimkhanov C.A., Iordanishvili A.K., Bumai A.O.

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