Том 61, № 10 (2016)

An explanation is given to the results of an experiment on studying the explosive electron emission in a wire-cathode diode where a strongly nonuniform energy deposition into the wire material was observed using an X pinch as a radiation source for projection x-ray imaging. The specific input energy, contrary to the well-known observations, was not a maximum at the wire end, i.e., in the region of the strongest electric field, and the wire explosion occurred in the bulk, distant from the end. This is accounted for by the contribution of the wire side surface to explosive electron emission and by the gas desorption from the wire intensely heated by a current of density 10⁸ A/cm². Thus, the space between anode and cathode (wire end) is bridged by two plasmas: one generated due to the explosive electron emission from the wire side surface and the other produced from the desorbed gas.

A method for reconstructing the resolution of images, based on selection and optimization of significant local features and sparse representation of processed-image blocks (using optimized low- and high-resolution dictionaries), has been substantiated for the first time. This method, making it possible to improve significantly the resolution of images of various nature, is interpreted physically. A block diagram of the processing system corresponding to the new approach to image reconstruction has been developed. A simulation of the new method for reconstructing images of different physical natures and known algorithms showed an advantage of the new scheme for reconstructing resolution in terms of universally recognized criteria (peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean absolute error, and structural similarity index measure) and in visual comparison of the processed images.

A mixed multidimensional integral equation containing integral operators of various types is studied. The case in which the equation has one compact, self-adjoint, and strongly positive operator (with constant limits of integration) and two non-self-adjoint integral Volterra operators (with a variable upper limit of integration) is considered. To solve the equation, an effective projection method allowing one to obtain the result in a form with explicitly distinguished principal singularities is proposed.

The problem of reflection of an acoustic wave from a two-layer medium containing a layer of bubble liquid is considered. The wave reflectance for a water–water mixture with an air bubble–air mixture is calculated and compared with experimental data. The parameters of the problem at which the reflectance takes extreme values are found and illustrated.

A method for investigating the stability of the axisymmetric motion of a body of revolution in a compressible soil medium with allowance made for the nonlinear physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the effects of two-dimensional flow is presented.

The surface tension energy of crystallites in polycrystalline materials having different microstructures and in nanomaterials has been estimated. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which the yield stress of materials is determined by the balance of elastic energy and the surface tension energy of crystallites. The independently measured value of surface energy can be used to estimate the yield stress of polycrystalline materials.

This article considers the urban heat island effect, taking into account peculiarities of energy consumption in large cities. It is shown that energy demand in large cities must be planned, taking into account of the seasonal asymmetry of the impact of anthropogenic heat fluxes on energy demand of the urban economy in the warm and cold seasons of the year. Together with the heat island effect, climate changes in Russian cities should decrease the overall energy demand due to space heating and air conditioning. At the same time, the increasing energy share used for air conditioning always remains one or two orders of magnitude smaller than the energy share used for space heating.