Unique СО2–saturated mineral waters of the Mukhen deposit (Khabarovsk Krai): Composition and genesis

Abstract

The results of studies of the ion-salt, gas, and isotopic compositions of unique СО₂–saturated cold mineral waters from the Mukhen deposit, as well as the results of calculation of equilibrium in the water-rock system, are presented. Taking these data and the geological structure of the territory into account, it was shown that the source of water solutions is atmospheric precipitates and the source of СО₂ is buried rocks that undergo metamorphism. The long-term interaction in the water–rock–СО₂ system has provided uniquely high salinity to these waters. The scale formation of secondary minerals (clays of different composition and Ca and Mg carbonates) in the system determined НСО₃–Na and an atypical isotopic composition of the waters. The concept developed has established that СО₂–saturated mineral waters are formed as a result of migration of СО₂ from the deeper crustal zones through the zones of tectonic faults and the subsequent chemical interaction with infiltration waters, rather than because of magmatic or volcanic activity.