Complex Modification of the Surface Layer of a High-Entropy Al-Cr-Fe-Co-Ni Alloy by Electron-Ion-Plasma Treatment

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Abstract

Using the technology of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM – wire arc additive manufacture), a high-entropy alloy (HEA) of non-equiatomic composition Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni was manufactured. Using the methods of modern physical materials science, an analysis of the elemental and phase composition, defective substructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the HEA surface layer, formed as a result of complex modification, combining the deposition of a film (B + Cr) and irradiation with a pulsed electron beam in an argon medium, was carried out. In the initial state, the alloy has a simple cubic lattice with a lattice parameter of 0.28795 nm; the average grain size of the HEA is 12.3 µm. Chemical elements (at. %) 33.4 Al; 8.3 Cr, 17.1 Fe, 5.4 Co, 35.7 Ni, which form HEA, are distributed quasi-periodically. The irradiation regime was revealed (energy density of the electron beam ES = 20 J/cm2, pulse duration 200 µs, number of pulses 3 pulses, frequency 0.3 s more than 5 times), allowing to increase microhardness (almost 2 times) and wear resistance (more than 5 times), reduce the coefficient of friction by 1.3 times. Regardless of the value of ES, HEA is a single-phase material and has a simple cubic crystal lattice. High-speed crystallization of the surface layer leads to the formation of a subgrain structure (150–200) nm. It is shown that an increase in the strength and tribological properties of HEA is due to a significant (4.5 times) decrease in the average grain size, the formation of particles of chromium and aluminum oxyborides, and the incorporation of boron atoms into the crystal lattice of HEA.

About the authors

Yu. F. Ivanov

Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: yufi55@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk

M. O. Efimov

Siberian State Industrial University

Email: yufi55@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk

A. D. Teresov

Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: yufi55@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk

V. E. Gromov

Siberian State Industrial University

Email: gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru
Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk

Yu. A. Shliarova

Siberian State Industrial University

Email: yufi55@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk

I. A. Panchenko

Siberian State Industrial University

Email: yufi55@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Novokuznetsk

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Electron microscopic image of the VES structure (a); (b)-(f) - images of the sample section (a) obtained in characteristic X-ray emission of Cr (b), Fe (c), Ni (d), Al (e), Co (f) atoms

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3. Fig. 2. Results of the micro-X-ray spectral analysis of a section of the HES sample (a), performed by the method "along the line"; (b)-(f) - distribution along the line indicated in Fig. 2a of the intensities of characteristic X-ray radiation of atoms Co (b), Al (c), Cr (d), Ni (e), Fe (f)

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4. Fig. 3. X-ray fragment of high-entropy alloys before irradiation

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5. Fig. 4. Dependence of microhardness (a), wear parameter (b), friction coefficient (c) and crystal lattice parameter (d) of the surface layer of the film/substrate system on the electron beam energy density. The microhardness of high-entropy alloys in the initial state is 4.7 GPa. The wear parameter of the film/substrate system before irradiation is 14 × 10-5 mm3/N∙m, the friction coefficient is 0.65

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6. Fig. 5. Structure of the system "film/substrate" irradiated by a pulsed electron beam at an electron beam energy density of 20 J/cm2

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7. Fig. 6. Electron microscopic image of the structure of the film/substrate system irradiated by a pulsed electron beam at an electron beam energy density of 20 J/cm2 (a); (b)-(d) - images of the sample section (a) obtained in characteristic X-ray emission of Cr (b), B (c), O (d) atoms

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