Features of hybrid threats to the security of the Russian Federation: theoretical and legal analysis

Cover Page

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription Access

Abstract

The article formulates theoretical approaches to the concept, signs, and characteristics of legal relations that develop during the hybrid war. A system of factors determining the development of legal security of the State border of the Russian Federation in the context of a special military operation has been identified. The hypothesis is substantiated, according to which a special military operation is a response to a hybrid war against Russia. At the same time, hybrid warfare is a phenomenon in which a coalition of attacking states uses a combination of military and non-military measures, polysubjectivity, multi-sphere, including legal space. This approach is enshrined not only in military legal doctrine, but also in international acts of NATO member states in general and the United States in particular. These factors determine the need to make changes to the system of regulatory and legal regulation of ensuring military security of the Russian Federation and its military and political allies (CSTO member states) trade and economic partners (EAEU member states). Methodological approaches to the study of hybrid warfare as a legal phenomenon are proposed, which Russia is facing as a fourth-generation war within the framework of a special military operation now and is likely to face in the future within the framework of the concept of global competition of states. The article presents the results of the application of general scientific and private scientific methods (methodology of system analysis, method of referring to other sciences, special legal method, etc.) to the formulation of the legal characteristics of hybrid warfare (concept, structure of legal relations, place and role of law in countering threats of hybrid warfare), taking into account a special military operation and the need to ensure the security of the State border of the Russian Federation.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Olga G. Bobrova

The Prince Alexander Nevsky Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: sushkoolga@mail.ru

PhD in Law, Head of the 20th Department (Military Law), Doctoral Candidate

Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Akulinin V. N., Epifanova N. S. The concept of hybrid warfare in the practice of interstate confrontation // National interests: priorities and security. 2015. No. 36. Pp. 53–60 (in Russ.).
  2. Alekseev S. S. Theory of law. M., 1995. Pp. 4, 5, 8, 9, 12 (in Russ.).
  3. Aulov V. K. Information warfare: “soft power” and other related categories of Military Law // Military Law. 2022. No. 1 (71). Pp. 9–19 (in Russ.).
  4. Bartosh A. A. Interaction in a hybrid war // Military thought. 2022. No. 4. Pp. 6–23 (in Russ.).
  5. Bartosh A. A. Deterrence in military conflicts of the XXI century. M., 2021 (in Russ.).
  6. Gavrilov S. O., Glebov I. N., Chukin S. G., Kholikov I. V. Law at the bifurcation point: discussion of the conceptual study of military problems of International Law (Discussion in the format of a round table based on the materials of Chapter 6 “Military problems of International Law” vol. III of the monograph “Military Law”) // State and Law. 2022. No. 12. P. 60 (in Russ.).
  7. Gareev M. A., Derbin E. A., Turko N. I. Discourse: methodology and practice of improving the strategic management of the country’s defense, taking into account the nature of future wars // Herald of the Academy of Military Sciences. 2019. No. 1. Pp. 4, 13 (in Russ.).
  8. The hybrid war of the United States and its allies against Russia in the context of a special military operation // Citizen. Elections. Power. 2023. No. 2 (28). P. 150 (in Russ.).
  9. Hybrid wars of the XXI century: materials of the interuniversity the “Round Table” (January 29, 2015). M., 2015 (in Russ.).
  10. Hybrid wars in the geopolitical processes of the XXI century: materials of the interuniversity the “Round Table” (December 17, 2015). M., 2016 (in Russ.).
  11. Golovin N. N. Science of war. On the sociological study of war. Paris, 1938 (in Russ.).
  12. Goloskokov L. V. The strategy of the country’s development in conditions of hybrid wars // Transformation of the national socio-economic system of Russia: materials of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference. Moscow, November 26, 2021. M., 2022. Pp. 18–22 (in Russ.).
  13. Diky E. Russia’s hybrid war: the experience of Ukraine for the Baltic States. Vilnius, 2016 (in Russ.).
  14. Egorchenkov D. A., Danyuk N. S. Theoretical and ideological approaches to the study of the phenomenon of “hybrid wars” and “hybrid threats”: a view from Russia // Herald of the Moscow University. Ser. 12. Political science. 2018. No. 1. Pp. 26–46 (in Russ.).
  15. Zemlin A. I., Koryakin V. M. Methodology of military legal research. General part: studies and practicum. M., 2021. P. 47 (in Russ.).
  16. Zubarev N. V. Some issues of the participation of National Guard troops in the system of countering hybrid threats // Law in the Armed Forces – Military-legal review. 2022. No. 3 (296). Pp. 82– 89 (in Russ.).
  17. Kaldor M. New and old wars: organized violence in the global era / transl. from English by A. Appolonov, M. Dondukovsky; ed. by A. Smirnov, V. Sofronov. M., 2015. P. 9 (in Russ.).
  18. Kovalev A. A. Discussion on the topic of confrontation and cooperation in modern politics: from “hybrid wars” to “hybrid peace” // National interests: priorities and security. 2017. Vol. 13. Iss. 5. Pp. 975–986 (in Russ.).
  19. Korostelev S. V. On the definition of the phenomenon of hybrid use of force and the problem of interference in the internal affairs of the state // Managerial consulting. 2021. No. 12 (156). Pp. 37, 38, 40 (in Russ.).
  20. Kreveld M. van Transformation of war / transl. from English. M., 2005. P. 7 (in Russ.).
  21. Krivko M. A. Conceptualization of the concept of “hybrid war” in socio-philosophical studies // Managerial consulting. 2018. No. 7. Pp. 43–48 (in Russ.).
  22. Kudashkin V. V. A systematic method for the study of military relations and Military Law // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Law Review. 2023. No. 9 (314). P. 7 (in Russ.).
  23. Manoilo A. V. Information wars and psychological operations. Guide to action. M., 2018 (in Russ.).
  24. Markina S. V. From strategies of “non-military threats” to the strategy of “hybrid war” challenges to Russia’s national security // Human Capital. 2016. No. 11 (95). Pp. 79–82 (in Russ.).
  25. Pershin A. A. The problem of the essence of the definition of the concept of “hybrid wars”, the composition of their participants and priorities // Hybrid wars in the geopolitical processes of the XXI century: materials of the interuniversity the “Round Table” (December 17, 2015). M., 2016. Pp. 52–60 (in Russ.).
  26. Rodachin V. M. Hybrid wars and ensuring national security of Russia // Humanities. Herald of the Financial University. 2019. No. 4. Pp. 93–99 (in Russ.).
  27. Romanovsky G. B. Law, hybrid threats and the fight against terrorism // Academic Law Journal. 2022. Vol. 23. No. 1 (87). Pp. 21–29 (in Russ.).
  28. Rylskaya M. A. Cyberwar: a new look at the problem of semantic and legal identification // Military Law. 2020. No. 1 (59). Pp. 243–250 (in Russ.).
  29. Savenkov A. N., Kudashkin A. V. Military Law: problem statement and solutions // State and Law. 2021. No. 4. P. 18 (in Russ.).
  30. Sazonova K. L. “Hybrid war”: an international legal dimension // Law. HSE Journal. 2017. No. 4. Pp. 178, 179 (in Russ.).
  31. Svechin A. A. Strategy. M. – L., 1926 (in Russ.).
  32. Selivanov A. A. Technology of preparation and conduct of “new” wars // 75th anniversary of the Great Victory: historical experience and modern problems of military security of Russia: materials of the 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference departments No. 10 of the Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences: in 2 vols. Moscow, March 12, 2020. M., 2020. P. 331 (in Russ.).
  33. Snesarev A. E. Philosophy of War. M., 2013. P. 142 (in Russ.).
  34. Strigunov K. S., Manoilo A. V. Fundamental mechanism and laws of non-classical warfare // Citizen. Elections. Power. 2019. No. 4 (14). Pp. 158, 180 (in Russ.).
  35. Suvorov V. L., Malashenko O. A., Kosenko V. A. The strategy of “indirect actions” in modern international politics. M., 2015. P. 109 (in Russ.).
  36. Suvorov V. L., Turchenyuk I. N. Hybrid war as a socio-political phenomenon. M., 2017. P. 34 (in Russ.).
  37. Fazletdinov I. R., Lumpov V. I. The role of Strategic Missile forces in countering NATO’s strategic multi-sphere operation // Military thought. 2023. No. 3. P. 53 (in Russ.).
  38. Hobsbawm E. The Age of extremes. The Short twentieth Century (1914–1991). M., 2020. P. 309 (in Russ.).
  39. If you want peace, defeat the rebel war! The creative legacy of E. E. Messner. M., 2005 (Russian Military Collection). P. 99 (in Russ.).
  40. Tsygankov P. A. “Hybrid war”: political discourse and international practice // Herald of the Moscow University. Ser. 18. Sociology and Political Science. 2015. No. 4. Pp. 253–258 (in Russ.).
  41. Shagov A. E. The history of the origin and evolution of the concept and methods of conducting hybrid warfare. Moscow: Mir nauki, 2022 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: URL: https://izdmn.com/PDF/52MNNPM22.pdf (in Russ.).
  42. Yatskin A. V. The search for the “legal Grail” has been completed (Reflections on the fields of fundamental research “Military Law” in the era of transformation of the current world order) // State and Law. 2023. No. 6. Pp. 52, 53 (in Russ.).
  43. Connable B., Young S., Pezard S. et al. Russia’s Hostile Measures: Combating Russian Gray Zone Aggression Against NATO in the Contact, Blunt, and Surge Layers of Competition. Santa Monica, Calif., 2020.
  44. Connell M. E., Evans R. Russia’s “Ambiguous Warfare” and Implications for the U. S. Arlington, Va., 2015.
  45. Cordesman A. H., Hwang G. The Biden Transition and U. S. Competition with China and Russia: The Crisis-Driven Need to Change U. S. Strategy. Washington, D.C., 2021.
  46. Elkus A. “Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter Here: You Cannot Save the Gray Zone Concept”, War on the Rocks, 2015.
  47. Hoffman F. Conflict in the 21st century: the Rise of Hybrid War. Arlington, 2007. P. 32.
  48. Hoffman F. Hybrid Warfare and Challenges // Joint Force Quarterly. 2009. No. 52.
  49. Hoffman F. On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats. War on the Rocks, Center for Strategic Research at the National Defense University, 2014. URL: https://warontherocks.com/2014/07/on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybrid-threats/ (дата обращения: 23.01.2023).
  50. Hoffman F. G. The Contemporary Spectrum of Conflict: Protracted, Gray Zone, Ambiguous, and Hybrid Modes of War. The Heritage Foundation, 2015.
  51. Karber P., Thibeault J. Russia’s New-Generation Warfare. Association of the United States Army, 2016.
  52. Kennan G., Pettyjohn S. L., Wasser B. Competing in the Gray Zone: Russian Tactics and Western Responses. Santa Monica, Calif., 2019.
  53. Pierce W. G., Douglas G. D., Marra M. A. Countering Gray-Zone Wars: Understanding Coercive Gradualism // Parameters. 2015. Vol. 45. No. 3.
  54. Pomerantsev P. Brave New War: A New Form of Conflict Emerged in 2015 – From the Islamic State to the South China Sea. The Atlantic, 2015.
  55. Qiao Liang, Wang Xiangsui. Unrestricted Warfare. Beijing, 1999.
  56. Ronfeldt D., Arquilla J. Whose Story Wins: Rise of the Noosphere, Noopolitik, and Information-Age Statecraft. Santa Monica, 2020.
  57. Schelling T. C. Arms and Influence, New Haven, Conn., 1966.
  58. Shida Junjiro. Haiburiddo Senso no Jidai: Nerawareru Minshushugi [The Age of Hybrid War: Democracy in Target]. Tokyo, 2021.
  59. William S. L., Schmitt J. F., Sutton J. W., Wilson G. I. The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation // Marine Corps Gazette, October 1989. Pp. 22–26. URL: http://d-n-i.net/fcs/4th_gen_war_gazette.htm (дата обращения: 23.01.2023).
  60. Wright T. J. All Measures Short of War: The Contest for the Twenty-First Century and the Future of American Power, New Haven and London, 2017.

Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Academy of Sciences

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies