卷 52, 编号 8 (2016)

The population genetic structure of plant pathogenic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was examined using microsatellite (SSR) markers. According to the geographical origin of the pathogen populations, they were designated as North Caucasian (S, 33 isolates), northwest (Nw, 39), and Omsk (Om, 43). The populations were analyzed at the nine most polymorphic SSR loci, at which 75 alleles were identified. To characterize the genetic variation within and between populations, the AMOVA algorithm as implemented in the Arlequin v. 3.5 software program was used. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 12 and their sizes varied within the range from 180 to 400 bp. The mean gene diversity at SSR loci was high for all populations (H = 0.58–0.75). The populations were considerably different in the frequencies of individual alleles of the SSR loci. Most isolates in the populations were represented by unique haplotypes. The within-population variation of the isolates at molecular markers was 86.4%; among the populations, 13.6%. Substantial interpopulation differences were found between the Om and S (F_st = 0.16) and between the Om and Nw (F_st = 0.20) populations, whereas between the S and Nw populations, these differences were small (F_st = 0.05). Thus, it was demonstrated that the population of P. tritici-repentis from Omsk oblast had the independent status of the geographical population; northwest and North Caucasian populations differed in the allelic diversity of SSR loci, and despite the low F_st value (0.05), they also belonged to independent geographical populations.

The nucleotide sequence analysis of trnH–psbA, trnL–trnF, and trnS–trnG intergenic spacer regions of chloroplast DNA performed in the representatives of the genus Oxytropis from Asian Russia provided clarification of the phylogenetic relationships of some species and sections in the subgenera Oxytropis and Phacoxytropis and in the genus Oxytropis as a whole. Only the section Mesogaea corresponds to the subgenus Phacoxytropis, while the section Janthina of the same subgenus groups together with the sections of the subgenus Oxytropis. The sections Chrysantha and Ortholoma of the subgenus Oxytropis are not only closely related to each other, but together with the section Mesogaea, they are grouped into the subgenus Phacoxytropis. It seems likely that the sections Chrysantha and Ortholoma should be assigned to the subgenus Phacoxytropis, and the section Janthina should be assigned to the subgenus Oxytropis. The molecular differences were identified between O. coerulea and O. mandshurica from the section Janthina that were indicative of considerable divergence of their chloroplast genomes and the species independence of the taxa. The species independence of O. czukotica belonging to the section Arctobia was also confirmed.

Tissue culture, a traditional technique broadly used for the genetic transformation and functional verification of target genes, induces epigenetic variations in transgenic acceptors of plants. This study compared the DNA methylation patterns during the callus formation of Brassica napus induced by different concentrations of 6-BA and 2,4-D through methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism. The highest induction rate (85%) was observed in the hypocotyls cultured with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and the lowest methylation rate (25.09%) was detected in the hypocotyls cultured with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA. The methylation rates of the callus cultured with 0.2 and 0.05 mg/L 2,4-D were 29.99 and 28.31%, respectively. The callus induction rates were reduced to 79 and 80%. The methylation rates of the callus induced by 2.0 and 0.5 mg/L 6-BA were 28.17 and 33.98%, respectively. The callus induction rates were reduced to 76 and 74%. The expression analysis of methyltransferase under different induction conditions agreed with methylation modifications; therefore, the effects of hormones on callus induction may be partially indicated by methylation changes in B. napus genome.

Sixty-five sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene fragment (759 bp) and 23 sequences of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene fragment (224 bp) were compared in ants of the genus Formica L. from different regions of the Palearctic and in Polyergus rufescens Latr. as outgroup. In total, 28 species of the genus Formica were examined. As a result, dated trees with a molecular clock were constructed showing the phylogenetic relationships of Formica ants. The topology of the obtained tree based on the Cyt-b sequences was found to be not consistent with the generally accepted opinion on the Formica rufa and F. rufibarbis groups. New data on the formation history of the present-day fauna of Formica ants of the Palearctic were obtained. It was demonstrated that a considerable fraction of the examined species (about a third) were formed in the Quaternary Period.

Local populations of the black honeybee Apis mellifera mellifera from the Urals and the Volga region were examined in comparison with local populations of southern honeybee subspecies A. m. caucasica and A. m. carpatica from the Caucasus and the Carpathians. Genetic analysis was performed on the basis of the polymorphism of nine microsatellite loci of nuclear DNA and the mtDNA COI–COII locus. On the territory of the Urals and the Volga region, five extant populations (reserves) of the black honeybee A. m. mellifera were identified, including the Burzyanskaya, Tatyshlinskaya, Yuzhno-Prikamskaya, Visherskaya, and Kambarskaya populations. These five populations are the basis of the modern gene pool of the black honeybee A. m. mellifera from the Urals and the Volga region. The greatest proportion of the remaining indigenous gene pool of A. m. mellifera (the core of the gene pool of the population of A. m. mellifera) is distributed over the entire territory of Perm krai and the north of the Republic of Bashkortostan. For the population of A. m. mellifera from the Urals and the Volga region, the genetic standards were calculated, which will be useful for future population studies of honeybees.

Atherosclerosis is a polygenic socially significant disease whose risk factors include coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. According to the literature, mutations m.14846G>A (G34S), m.15762G>A (G339Q), m.15084G>A (W113Ter), and m.15059G>A (G190Ter) of cytochrome B gene (MT-CYB) are associated with mitochondrial myopathies, myoglobinuria, and exercise intolerance. Preliminary studies carried out by the authors made it possible to discover an association of certain mitochondrial genome mutations with atherosclerotic lesions of aortic intima in people who died as a result of an accident or sudden death. The most interesting seemed to be the data on the association of mutations m.14846G>A and m.15059G>A of the cytochrome B gene with lipofibrous aortic plaques, because these mutations affect the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme. Defects in the given chain may be the reason for the launch of pathogenic mechanisms in the human body. Owing to the fact that mutations in the mitochondrial genome are inherited by the maternal type, it was decided to analyze cytochrome B gene mutations in a sample of female volunteers from Moscow oblast. According to the findings, mutations m.14846G>A and m.15059G>A are highly significantly associated with atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries: m.14846G>A is antiatherogenic and m.15059G>A is proatherogenic.

Atherosclerosis represents an inflammatory response to the disturbance of the endothelial layer in the arterial bloodstream. In the present study, an analysis of associations of polymorphic markers for the genes controlling synthesis of proteins involved in atherosclerosis pathogenesis in coronary atherosclerosis (CA) patients (217 subjects) and in a control group (250 subjects) was conducted. The following genes were examined: rs991804 (CCL2 gene), rs1126579 (CXCR2 gene), rs4074 (CXCL1 gene), rs4073 (CXCL8 gene), rs333 (CCR5 gene), rs2471859 (CXCR4 gene), rs1801157 (CXCL12 gene), and rs2569190 (CD14 gene). Using the Monte Carlo and Markov chain (APSampler) method, allele/genotype combinations associated with both low and high CA risk were revealed. The most important findings included the following: CXCR4*T/T + CCL2*C + CCR5*I/I (P_perm = 1 × 10^–6, OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.3–0.63), CXCR2*C + CD14*C + CXCL12*G + CCL2*C + CCR5*D (P_perm = 4 × 10^–6, OR = 5.78, 95% CI 2.34–14.28), CD14*C + CCL2*C/C + CCR5*D (P_perm = 6.3 × 10^–6, OR = 5.81, 95% CI 2.17–15.56), CXCL8*A + CXCR2*C + CD14*T + CXCR4*C (P_perm = 0.01, OR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.63–6.31).

An investigation of the nature of dynamics of the population size and genetic structure is carried out for a homogeneous ecologically limited population influenced by density-dependent r-K selection in a single diallelic genetic locus. The detailed study of the results of basic types of natural selection is carried out with additional consideration of the influence of initial conditions. It is shown that coexistence of several different asymptotic dynamic modes (with their own attraction basins) is possible in numerous enough parametric domains which are meaningful biologically.

The association of the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications was analyzed in inhabitants of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The genotype frequencies of the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene did not significantly differ in groups of healthy persons and patients with type 2 diabetes in all three considered inheritance models (codominant, dominant, and recessive). At the same time, it was demonstrated that the risk of one of the diabetic complications, i.e., diabetic nephropathy, was associated with the variable rs1801282 locus of the PPARG2 gene. Diabetic nephropathy was more common in patients with the C/C genotype (62.7%) compared to the C/G and G/G genotypes (37.5%), P = 0.036. The G allele is protective in regard to diabetic nephropathy (OR = 0.36) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.