Virus taxonomy and megataxonomy (Vira domain) – current status
- Authors: Lvov D.K.1,2, Akimkin V.G.2, Zaberezhny A.D.3, Borisevich S.V.4, Alkhovsky S.V.2,5
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Affiliations:
- D.I. Ivanovsky institute of virology of N.F Gamaleya national research center on epidemiology and microbiology of Ministry of health of Russian Federation
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor
- All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry
- 48 Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
- Medical and Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education of the Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia
- Issue: Vol 70, No 5 (2025)
- Pages: 401-416
- Section: EDITORIAL CONCEPT
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0507-4088/article/view/353624
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-344
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/atvgps
- ID: 353624
Cite item
Abstract
For nearly 80 years since the discovery of the first virus by the Russian scientist D.I. Ivanovsky, it has been recognized that all organisms of Earth’s biosphere serve as natural hosts for viruses. Viruses, grouped within the informal domain Vira, infect all three domains of cellular life: archaea – Archaea, bacteria – Bacteria, and eukaryotes – Eucarya (algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates). The formation of viral population gene pools through interactions with the gene pools of their hosts has taken place under changing environmental conditions over 3.5 billion years, giving rise to the vast diversity of the virosphere. The accumulation of data on the Earth’s virosphere, facilitated by the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies (NGS), has necessitated a reassessment of approaches to virus classification and, since 2018, has led to a reform of viral taxonomy through the introduction of higher taxonomic ranks (megataxonomy). As of September 2025, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes 15 taxonomic ranks for viruses, the most significant being: realm – 7, kingdom – 11, phylum – 23, class – 49, order – 93, family – 368, genus – 3769, and species – 16,215. Ongoing advances in metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and the global ecology of the virosphere will inevitably drive further changes in viral taxonomy and megataxonomy. These developments are of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of the biosphere and of practical relevance for developing new strategies to strengthen biological security and to mitigate the consequences of epidemic emergencies associated with emerging and reemerging infections.
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##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Dmitry K. Lvov
D.I. Ivanovsky institute of virology of N.F Gamaleya national research center on epidemiology and microbiology of Ministry of health of Russian Federation; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor
Author for correspondence.
Email: dk_lvov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8176-6582
RAS Full Member, Professor, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Chief Researcher
Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098; Moscow, 111123Vasily G. Akimkin
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor
Email: crie@pcr.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8139-0247
RAS Full Member, Professor, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Director
Russian Federation, Moscow, 111123Alexei D. Zaberezhny
All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Biological Industry
Email: zaberezhny@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7635-2596
RAS Full Member, Professor, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Director
Russian Federation, Biocombinat, Losino-Ostrovsky District, Moscow Region, 141142Sergey V. Borisevich
48 Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Email: 48cnii@mil.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6742-3919
RAS Full Member, Professor, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Head
Russian Federation, Sergiev Posad, Moscow Region, 141306Sergey V. Alkhovsky
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor; Medical and Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education of the Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. Burnazyan FMBA of Russia
Email: salkh@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6913-5841
corresponding member of RAS, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Advisor to the Director for Research in the Field of Natural Focal and Emerging Infections
Russian Federation, Moscow, 111123; Moscow, 123098References
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