Том 51, № 2 (2017)

The stimulated microbial oxidation of valley peat by aboriginal microflora was experimentally studied for evaluating the participation of microflora in the conversion of organic matter in present-day swamp deposits. The esters of n-carboxylic acids, triphenyl phosphates, C₁₄–C₃₁n-alkanes, squalene, methyldehydroabietate, steroids, and pentacyclic terpenoids with the predominance of unsaturated structures mainly with the alcohol groups were identified in the composition of the bituminous components of microflora. It was found that the absolute concentrations of all of the identified groups of organic compounds in peat considerably decreased as a result of biodegradation. The relative concentrations of high-molecularweight (C₂₇–C₃₄) homologues and C₁₆–C₂₀ homologues predominant in bacteria in the composition of peat n-alkanes increased. Steroids and pentacyclic triterpenoids were enriched in unsaturated structures and compounds with the alcohol groups. Aldehydes disappeared from the composition of acyclic compounds. The fractions of palmitic acid derivatives in methyl ethers and isoprenoid structures in alkanones sharply increased.

The results of studies of the thermal transformations of granulated wood biofuel performed by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry in an atmosphere of argon at heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 K/min are reported in this paper. The results of the analysis were used for the determination of the preexponential factor and activation energy of the thermal decomposition of wood biofuel based on the Kissinger, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Ozava–Flynn–Wall isoconversion model-free methods. The values of activation energy for the release of volatile substances in the course of the thermal decomposition of wood granules varied in ranges of 87–250 and 76–242 kJ/mol.

The ignition processes of organic coal–water fuels (OCWFs) in the flow of a heated oxidant (temperature, 700–1000 K; velocity, 0.5–5 m/s) were studied. The experiments were carried out with the small single drops of OCWFs (radii, 0.2–0.5 mm), which correspond to the injection devices of typical boiler installations. The component base of the test composition fuels included B2 brown coal, typical waste coals (the filter cakes of G and D coals), spent motor and transformer oils, and petroleum residue. The influence of the component composition (the properties and concentrations of solid and liquid combustible components) on the characteristics of the initiation of the combustion of single OCWF drops was found. The dependences of the delay times of ignition and complete combustion on the temperature of an oxidant and on the drop sizes of OCWFs were determined. It was established that, at maximum oxidant temperatures (above 900 K) and minimum drop sizes (smaller than 300 μm), difference between the integral characteristics of ignition was sufficiently small (smaller than 10%) for the fuels prepared from components with substantially different properties.

A method for the preparation of iron and iron–cobalt oxide catalysts on a carbon support is described. The formation of angular–linear isomerization products in the high-temperature hydrogenation of phenanthrene in the presence of the synthesized catalysts was found.

The kinetics of adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a typical herbicide from aqueous solutions on coconut shell activated carbon was studied without preliminary treatment. The surface structure of the activated carbon, which is responsible for its properties, was characterized. The order of reaction in the process of adsorption was determined. The high adsorption capacity of the coconut shell activated carbon was shown.

A method for the preparation of bitumen emulsions with the addition of shale adhesion agents is proposed. Upon the introduction of shale adhesion agents into a matrix of bituminous compositions, an improvement in the physicochemical properties and performance characteristics of emulsions, such as relative viscosity and adhesion, was observed in comparison with the properties of traditional bitumen emulsions.