CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL POTASSIUM TRANSPORT RESEARCH

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Abstract

Maintenance of ionic homeostasis, particularly the balance of potassium ions as the major cations in the cytoplasm, is critically important for mitochondrial function. Uncontrolled cation influx and the subsequent osmotically-driven water accumulation in the matrix can lead to swelling and eventual membrane rupture. Paradoxically, despite the critical importance of potassium channels and exchangers and their extensive research history, the molecular identity of key potassium transport systems such as the K+/H+ exchanger and the ATP-dependent potassium channel remains a subject of ongoing debate. Within this review and analysis of scientific publications, we outline a number of unresolved questions related to potassium transport in mitochondria: the incomplete knowledge of structural and functional rearrangements in mitochondria upon potassium ion influx and swelling; the ambiguity surrounding the molecular identity of key potassium transport systems — the K+/H+ exchanger and the ATP-dependent potassium channel, as well as the uncertain role of ATP synthase in ion transport; and the apparent underestimation of the role of the lipid component of the membrane in direct potassium transport and its regulation. We highlight that the accumulation of lysocardiolipin, a derivative of the key mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin, in the membrane may represent a missing link crucial for constructing a comprehensive explanation of mitochondrial osmotic regulation mechanisms. Lysocardiolipin can form lipid pores that significantly enhance membrane conductance for cations. The accumulation of lysocardiolipin can be stimulated by lipid peroxidation, alter membrane properties, and modulate the assembly and function of proteinaceous ion transporters. Accounting for changes in the physical (pressure, lipid packing) and chemical properties of the membrane (peroxidation, deacylation) during conditions that activate osmotic regulation systems is necessary for forming a holistic understanding of potassium transport mechanisms.

About the authors

S. V Nesterov

National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"

Email: semen.v.nesterov@phystech.edu
Moscow, Russia

E. G Smirnova

Belozersky Research Institute for Physico Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Moscow, Russia

L. S Yaguzhinsky

Belozersky Research Institute for Physico Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Moscow, Russia

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