Evolution, possibilities and prospects in the application of methods for the assessment of pyridine nucleotides pool for studying the mechanisms of brain plasticity in normal and pathological conditions

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Abstract

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and its derivatives – NAD+, NADP+, NADH, NADPH – play an important role in cell metabolism, act as substrates or cofactors for a large number of enzymes involved in the regulation of replication, DNA repair, maintenance of calcium homeostasis in cells, biosynthetic processes and energy production mechanisms. Changes in the ratio of oxidized and reduced forms of pyridine nucleotides accompanies the development of oxidative and reductive stress, that significantly contribute to cell damage and induction of adaptive response. Currently, huge number of protocols aimed at quantitative or qualitative assessment of the pyridine nucleotide pool are in use, but all of them have their limitations associated with sample preparation processes, difficulties in the metabolite spectrum assessment, and complexity of data interpretation. Measuring pyridine nucleotide levels is relevant in the study of (patho)physiological regulatory mechanisms of cell functional activity and intercellular communication. This is of particular relevance when studying the mechanisms of plasticity of the central nervous system in health and disease, since significant changes in the pools of pyridine nucleotides in cells are evident in neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration, and aging. Simple and reliable non-invasive methods for measuring the levels of NAD+ and NADH are necessary to assess the brain cells metabolism with diagnostic and research purposes. The goal of this review is to analyze in a comparative aspect the main methods for measuring the levels of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides in cells and to identify the key principles of their application for the correct interpretation of the data obtained, including those used for the study of the central nervous system.

About the authors

A. V. Zubova

Research Center of Neurology

Author for correspondence.
Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow

A. A. Groshkov

Research Center of Neurology

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow

A. K. Berdnikov

Research Center of Neurology

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow

S. V. Novikova

Research Center of Neurology; Bauman Moscow State Technical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow; 105005 Moscow

N. A. Rozanova

Research Center of Neurology; Bauman Moscow State Technical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow; 105005 Moscow

L. V. Nikolaeva

Krasnoyarsk State Medical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 660022 Krasnoyarsk

V. V. Salmin

Bauman Moscow State Technical University; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 105005 Moscow; 141701 Dolgoprudny

N. A. Kolotyeva

Research Center of Neurology; Bauman Moscow State Technical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow; 105005 Moscow

L. G. Khaspekov

Research Center of Neurology

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow

A. B. Salmina

Research Center of Neurology; Bauman Moscow State Technical University; Krasnoyarsk State Medical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow; 105005 Moscow; 660022 Krasnoyarsk

S. O. Yurchenko

Bauman Moscow State Technical University

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 105005 Moscow

S. N. Illarioshkin

Research Center of Neurology

Email: zubova.a.v@neurology.ru
Russian Federation, 125367 Moscow

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».