Analytical Approximations of the Characteristics of Nighttime Hydroxyl on Mars and Intra-Annual Variations
- Авторлар: Shaposhnikov D.1, Grigalashvili M.2, Medvedev A.2, Zonnemann G.2, Khartog P.2
-
Мекемелер:
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Шығарылым: Том 57, № 1 (2023)
- Беттер: 3-16
- Бөлім: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0320-930X/article/view/134962
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0320930X23010061
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/HEHQZV
- ID: 134962
Дәйексөз келтіру
Аннотация
Observations of vibrationally excited hydroxyl (OH*) emissions are widely used to obtain information about the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere. We present some analytical approximations for the characteristics of the hydroxyl layer in the Martian atmosphere such as OH* concentration at the maximum and height of the maximum, as well as relations for estimating the influence of various factors on the OH* layer in night conditions. These characteristics depend on the temperature of the environment, concentration of atomic oxygen, and their vertical gradients. The relations are applied to the results of numerical modeling using the global atmospheric circulation model for prediction of seasonal behavior of the hydroxyl layer on Mars. Annual and intra-annual variations in the concentration of excited hydroxyl and layer height from the modeling data have both some similarities with those of the Earth and significant differences. The concentration and height maximum in the equatorial, northern and southern midlatitudes vary depending on the season; the maximum concentration and the minimum height fall on the first half of the year. Model calculations confirmed the presence of the peak OH* concentration at polar latitudes in winter at an altitude of approximately 50 km with the volume emission densities of 2.1, 1.4, and 0.6 × 104 photons cm–3 s–1 for vibrational level transitions 1–0, 2–1, and 2–0, respectively. The relations obtained may be used for the analysis of measurements and interpretation of their variations.
Негізгі сөздер
Авторлар туралы
D. Shaposhnikov
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Moscow, Russia
Email: shaposhnikov@phystech.edu
Россия, Москва
M. Grigalashvili
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Email: shaposhnikov@phystech.edu
Германия, Гёттинген
A. Medvedev
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Email: shaposhnikov@phystech.edu
Германия, Гёттинген
G. Zonnemann
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Email: shaposhnikov@phystech.edu
Германия, Гёттинген
P. Khartog
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: shaposhnikov@phystech.edu
Германия, Гёттинген
Әдебиет тізімі
- Adler-Golden S. Kinetic parameters for OH nightglow modeling consistent with recent laboratory measurements // J. Geophys. Res. 1997. V. 102. P. 19 969–19 976. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA01622
- Ammosov P., Gavrilyeva G., Ammosova A., Koltovskoi I. Response of the mesopause temperatures to solar activity over Yakutia in 1999–2013 // Adv. Space Res. 2014. V. 54. P. 2518–2524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.06.007
- Barbier D. L’emission de la raie rouge du ciel nocturne en Afrique // Ann. Geophys. 1961. V. 17. P. 305–318.
- Bertaux J.L., Gondet B., Lefèvre F., Bibring J.P., Montmessin F. First detection of O2 1.27 μm nightglow emission at Mars with OMEGA/MEX and comparison with general circulation model predictions // J. Geophys. Res. 2012. V. 117. P. E00J04. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003890
- Buriti R.A., Takahashi H., Lima L.M., Medeiros A.F. Equatorial planetary waves in the mesosphere observed by airglow periodic oscillations // Adv. Space. Res. 2005.V. 35. P. 2031–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.012
- Burkholder J.B., Sander S.P., Abbatt J., Barker J.R., Cappa C., Crounse J.D., Dibble T.S., Huie R.E., Kolb C.E., Kurylo M.J., and 4 co-authors. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies // Evaluation No. 19, JPL Publication 19-5, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, 2020. http://jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov.
- Caridade P.J.S.B., Horta J.-Z.J., Varandas A.J.C. Implications of the O + OH reaction in hydroxyl nightglow modeling // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013.V. 13. P. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1-2013
- Chalamala B.R., Copeland R.A. Collision dynamics of OH (X2Π, v = 9) // J. Chem. Phys. 1993. V. 99. P. 5807–5811. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465932
- Clancy R.T., Sandor B.J., García-Muñoz A., Lefèvre F., Smith M.D., Wolff M.J., Montmessin F., Murchie S.L., Nair H. First detection of Mars atmospheric hydroxyl: CRISM Near-IR measurement versus LMD GCM simulation of OH Meinel band emission in the Mars polar winter atmosphere // Icarus. 2013. V. 226. P. 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.035
- Dalin P., Perminov V., Pertsev N., Romejko V. Updated long-term trends in mesopause temperature, airglow emissions, and noctilucent clouds // J. Geophys. Res. 2020. V. 125. P. e2019JD030814. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030814
- Dodd J.A., Lipson S.J., Blumberg W.A.M. Formation and vibrational relaxation of OH(X2Πi, v) by O2 and CO2 // J. Chem. Phys. 1991.V. 95. P. 5752–5762. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461597
- Forget F., Hourdin F., Talagrand O. CO2 snowfall on Mars: Simulation with a general circulation model // Icarus. 1998. V. 131. P. 302–316. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1997.5874
- Forget F., Hourdin F., Fournier R., Hourdin C., Talagrand O., Collins M., Lewis S.R., Read P.L., Huot J.-P. Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km // J. Geophys. Res. 1999. V. 104. P. 24 155–24 176. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001025
- Forget F., Millour E., Montabone L., Lefevre F. Non condensable gas enrichment and depletion in the Martian polar regions // Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations. 2008. V. 1447. P. 9106. Bibcode:2008LPICo1447.9106F
- Fukuyama K. Airglow variations and dynamics in the lower thermosphere and upper mesosphere – II. Seasonal and long-term variations // J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1977. V. 39. P. 1–14.
- Gao H., Xu J., Wu Q. Seasonal and QBO variations in the OH nightglow emission observed by TIMED/SABER // J. Geophys. Res. 2010. V. 115. P. A06313. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014641
- García-Muñoz A., McConnell J.C., McDade I.C., Melo S.M.L. Airglow on Mars: Some model expectations for the OH Meinel bands and the O2 IR atmospheric band // Icarus. 2005. V. 176. P. 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.006
- Gavrilov N.M., Shiokawa K., Ogawa T. Seasonal variations of medium-scale gravity wave parameters in the lower thermosphere obtained from SATI observations at Shigaraki, Japan // J. Geophys. Res. 2002. V. 107. № D24. P. 4755. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001469
- Gavrilyeva G.A., Ammosov P.P., Koltovskoi I.I. Semidiurnal thermal tide in the mesopause region over Yakutia // Geomagn. and Aeron. 2009. V. 49. № 1. P. 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793209010150
- Gérard J.-C., Soret L., Saglam A., Piccioni G., Drossart P. The distributions of the OH Meinel and O2 (a1∆−X3Σ) nightglow emissions in the Venus mesosphere based on VIRTIS observations // Adv. Space. Res. 2010. V. 45. P. 1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.01.022
- Gorinov D.A., Khatuntsev I.V., Zasova L.V., Turin A.V., Piccioni G. Circulation of Venusian atmosphere at 90–110 km based on apparent motions of the O2 1.27 μm nightglow from VIRTIS-M (Venus Express) data // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2018. V. 45. P. 2554–2562. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076380
- Grygalashvyly M., Sonnemann G.R., Lübken F.-J., Hartogh P., Berger U. Hydroxyl layer: Mean state and trends at midlatitudes // J. Geophys. Res. 2014. V. 119. P. 12 391–12 419. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022094
- Harrison A.W., Evans W.F.J., Llewellyn E.J. Study of the (4-1) and (5-2) hydroxyl bands in the night airglow // Can. J. Phys. 1971. V. 49. P. 2509–2517.
- Kaye J.A. On the possible role of the reaction O + HO2 → → OH + O2 in OH airglow // J. Geophys. Res. 1988. V. 93. P. 285–288. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA01p00285
- Krasnopolsky V.A. Photochemistry of the Martian atmosphere: Seasonal, latitudinal, and diurnal variations // Icarus. 2006. V. 185. P. 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.003
- Krasnopolsky V.A. Solar activity variations of thermospheric temperatures on Mars and a problem of CO in the lower atmosphere // Icarus. 2010. V. 207. P. 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.036
- Krasnopolsky V.A. Nighttime photochemical model and night airglow on Venus // Planet. and Space Sci. 2013. V. 85. P. 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.05.022
- Krasnopolsky V.A., Lefèvre F. Chemistry of the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, and Titan // Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets / Eds Mackwell S.J., et al. Tucson: Univ. Arizona, 2013. P. 231–275. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816530595-ch11
- Krassovsky V.I. Chemistry of the upper atmosphere // Space Res. 1963. V. 3. P. 96–116.
- Lefèvre F., Lebonnois S., Montmessin F., Forget F. Three-dimensional modeling of ozone on Mars // J. Geophys. Res. 2004. V. 109. P. E07004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002268
- Lefèvre F., Bertaux J.-L., Clancy R.T., Encrenaz T., Fast K., Forget F., Lebonnois S., Montmessin F., Perrier S. Heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere of Mars // Nature. 2008. V. 454. P. 971–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07116
- Lindner B.L. Ozone on Mars: the effects of clouds and airborne dust // Planet. and Space Sci. 1988. V. 36. P. 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(88)90049-9
- Liu G., Shepherd G.G. An empirical model for the altitude of the OH nightglow emission // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006. V. 33. P. L09805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025297
- Liu G., Shepherd G.G., Roble R.G. Seasonal variations of the nighttime O(1S) and OH airglow emission rates at mid-to-high latitudes in the context of the large-scale circulation // J. Geophys. Res. 2008. V. 113. P. A06302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012854
- Llewellyn E.J., Long B.H., Solheim B.H. The quenching of OH* in the atmosphere // Planet. and Space Sci. 1978. V. 26. P. 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(78)90043-0
- Lopez-Gonzalez M.J., Rodríguez E., Shepherd G.G., Sargoytchev S., Shepherd M.G., Aushev V.M., Brown S., García-Comas M., Wiens R.H. Tidal variations of O2 Atmospheric and OH(6-2) airglow and temperature at mid-latitudes from SATI observations // Ann. Geophys. 2005. V. 23. P. 3579–3590. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3579-2005
- Lopez-Gonzalez M.J., Rodríguez E., García-Comas M., Costa V., Shepherd M.G., Shepherd G.G., Aushev V.M., Sargoytchev S. Climatology of planetary wave type oscillations with periods of 2–20 days derived from O2 atmospheric and OH(6-2) airglow observations at mid-latitude with SATI // Ann. Geophys. 2009. V. 27. P. 3645–3662. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3645-2009
- Makhlouf U.B., Picard R.H., Winick J.R. Photochemical-dynamical modeling of the measured response of airglow to gravity waves. 1. Basic model for OH airglow // J. Geophys. Res. 1995. V. 100. P. 1128911311. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD03327
- Marsh D.R., Smith A.K., Mlynczak M.G., Russell III J.M. SABER observations of the OH Meinel airglow variability near the mesopause // J. Geophys. Res. 2006. V. 111. P. A10S05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011451
- McDade I.C., Llewellyn E.J. Kinetic parameters related to sources and sinks of vibrationally excited OH in the nightglow // J. Geophys. Res. 1987. V. 92. P. 7643–7650. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA07p07643
- Medvedeva I.V., Semenov A.I., Pogoreltsev A.I., Tatarnikova A.V. Influence of sudden stratospheric warming on the mesosphere/lower thermosphere from the hydroxyl emission observations and numerical simulations // J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 2019. V. 187. P. 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.02.005
- Medvedeva I.V., Ratovsky K.G. Manifestation of wave activity in the upper atmosphere during winter sudden stratospheric warmings // Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса. 2020. V. 17(6). P. 159–166. https://doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2020-17-6-159-166
- Meriwether J.W., Jr. A review of the photochemistry of selected nightglow emissions from the mesopause // J. Geophys. Res. 1989. V. 94. P. 14629–14646. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD12p14629
- Millour E., Forget F., Spiga A., Vals M., Zakharov V., Montabone L., Lefèvre F., Montmessin F., Chaufray J.-Y., López‒Valverde M.A., and 5 co-authors. The Mars Climate Database (Version 5.3) // Scientific Workshop: “From Mars Express to ExoMars”, 2018. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2018fmee. confE.68M/PUB_PDF
- Mlynczak M.G., Hunt L.A., Mast J.C., Marshall B.T., Russell III J.M., Smith A.K., Siskind D.E., Yee J.-H., Mertens C.J., Martin-Torres F.J., and 3 co-authors. Atomic oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere derived from SABER: Algorithm theoretical basis and measurement uncertainty // J. Geophys. Res. 2013. V. 118. P. 5724–5735. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50401
- Mlynczak M.G., Hunt L.A., Marshall B.T., Mertens C.J., Marsh D.R., Smith A.K., Russell J.M., Siskind D.E., Gordley L.L. Atomic hydrogen in the mesopause region derived from SABER: Algorithm theoretical basis, measurement uncertainty, and results // J. Geophys. Res. 2014. V. 119. P. 3516–3526. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021263
- Mulligan F.G., Dyrland M.E., Sigernes F., Deehr C.S. Inferring hydroxyl layer peak heights from ground-based measurements of OH (6–2) band integrated emission rate at Longyearbyen (78° N, 16° E) // Ann. Geophys. 2009. V. 27. P. 4197–4205. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-4197-2009
- Nagy A.F., Lui S.C., Baker D.J. Vibrationally-excited hydroxyl molecules in the lower atmosphere // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1976. V. 3. P. 731–734. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL003i012p00731
- Nair H., Allen M., Anbar A.D., Yung Y.L., Clancy R.T. A Photochemical model of the Martian atmosphere // Icarus. 1994. V. 111. P. 124–150. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1137
- Navarro T., Madeleine J.-B., Forget F., Spiga A., Millour E., Montmessin F., Määttänen A. Global climate modeling of the Martian water cycle with improved microphysics and radiatively active water ice clouds // J. Geophys. Res. 2014.V. 119. P. 1479–1495. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004550
- Perminov V.I., Semenov A.I., Medvedeva I.N., Pertsev N.N. Temperature variability in the mesopause region according to hydroxyl-emission observations at midlatitudes // Geomagn. Aeron. 2014. V. 54. № 2. P. 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1134/ S0016793214020157
- Perminov V.I., Pertsev N.N., Dalin P.A., Zheleznov Yu.A., Sukhodoev V.A., Orekhov M.D. Seasonal and long-term changes in the intensity of O2(b1Σ) and OH(X2Π) airglow in the mesopause region // Geomagn. and Aeron. 2021. V. 61. P. 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793221040113
- Pertsev N., Perminov V. Response of the mesopause airglow to solar activity inferred from measurements at Zvenigorod, Russia // Ann. Geophys. 2008. V. 26. P. 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1049-2008
- Pertsev N.N., Andreyev A.B., Merzlyakov E.G., Perminov V.I. Mesosphere-thermosphere manifestations of stratospheric warmings: joint use of satellite and ground-based measurements // Current Problems in Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space. 2013. V. 10. № 1. P. 93–100. http://jr.rse.cosmos.ru/article.aspx?id=1154&lang=eng
- Piccioni G., Drossart P., Zasova L., Migliorini A., Gérard J.-C., Mills F.P., Shakun A., García Muñoz A., Ignatiev N., Grassi D., and 3 co-authors. The VIRTIS-Venus Express Technical Team. First detection of hydroxyl in the atmosphere of Venus // Astron. and Astrophys. 2008. V. 483. P. L29–L33. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809761
- Popov A.A., Gavrilov N.M., Andreev A.B., Pogoreltsev A.I. Interannual dynamics in intensity of mesoscale hydroxyl nightglow variations over Almaty // Solar-Terr. Phys. 2018. V. 4. № 2. P. 63–68. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-42201810
- Popov A.A., Gavrilov N.M., Perminov V.I., Pertsev N.N., Medvedeva I.V. Multi-year observations of mesoscale variances of hydroxyl nightglow near the mesopause at Tory and Zvenigorod // J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2020. V. 205. P. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105311
- Reisin E., Scheer J., Dyrland M.E., Sigernes F., Deehr C.S., Schmidt C., Höppner K., Bittner M., Ammosov P.P., Gavrilyeva G.A., and 17 co-authors. Traveling planetary wave activity from mesopause region airglow temperatures determined by the Network for the Detection of Mesospheric Change (NDMC) // J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2014. V. 119. P. 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.07.002
- Russell J.P., Ward W.E., Lowe R.P., Roble R.G., Shepherd G.G., Solheim B. Atomic oxygen profiles (80 to 115 km) derived from Wind Imaging Interferometer/Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite measurements of the hydroxyl and greenline airglow: Local time–latitude dependence // J. Geophys. Res. 2005. V. 110. P. D15305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005570
- Shaposhnikov D.S., Medvedev A.S., Rodin A.V., Hartog P. Seasonal water “pump” in theatmosphere of Mars: Vertical transport to the thermosphere // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2019. V. 46. P. 4161–4169. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082839
- Shefov N.N. Hydroxyl emission of the upper atmosphere. I // Planet. and Space Sci. 1969. V. 17. P. 797–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(69)90089-0
- Shepherd M.G., Meek C.E., Hocking W.K., Hall C.M., Partamies N., Sigernes F., Manson A.H., Ward W.E. Multi-instrument study of the mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics at 80° N during the major SSW in January 2019 // J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2020. V. 210. P. 105 427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105427
- Sonnemann G.R., Hartogh P., Berger U., Grygalashvyly M. Hydroxyl layer: trend of number density and intra-annual variability // Ann. Geophys. 2015. V. 33. P. 749–767. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-749-2015
- Soret L., Gérard J.-C., Piccioni G., Drossart P. Venus OH nightglow distribution based on VIRTIS limb observations from Venus Express // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010. V. 37. P. L06805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042377
- Soret L., Gérard J.-C., Piccioni G., Drossart P. The OH Venus nightglow spectrum: intensity and vibrational composition from VIRTIS Venus Express observations // Planet. and Space Sci. 2012. V. 73. P. 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.07.027
- Swenson G.R., Gardner C.S. Analytical models for the resposes of the mesospheric OH* and Na layers to atmospheric gravity waves // J. Geophys. Res. 1998. V. 103. P. 6271–6294. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02985
- Takahashi H., Batista P.P. Simultaneous measurements of OH (9.4), (8.3), (7.2), 6.2), and (5.1) bands in the airglow // J. Geophys. Res. 1981. V. 86. P. 5632–5642. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA07p05632
- Turnbull D.N., Lowe R.P. Vibrational population distribution in the hydroxyl night airglow // Can. J. Phys. 1983. V. 61. P. 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1139/p83-033
- Wiens R.H., Weill G.M. Diurnal, annual and solar cycle variations of hydroxyl and sodium nightglow intensities in the Europe-Africa sector // Planet. and Space Sci. 1973. V. 21. P. 1011–1027.
- Xu J., Smith A.K., Jiang G., Gao H., Wei Y., Mlynczak M.G., Russell III J.M. Strong longitudinal variations in the OH nightglow // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010. V. 37. P. L21801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043972
- Xu J., Gao H., Smith A.K., Zhu Y. Using TIMED/SABER nightglow observations to investigate hydroxyl emission mechanisms in the mesopause region // J. Geophys. Res. 2012. V. 117. P. D02301. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016342