Pathogenesis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Therapeutic Targets
- 作者: Lapshin M.1, Kondashevskaya M.2, Epishev V.1, Patochkina N.1
-
隶属关系:
- South Ural State University
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”
- 期: 卷 54, 编号 1 (2023)
- 页面: 55-69
- 栏目: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0301-1798/article/view/138970
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0301179823010058
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GXGBAF
- ID: 138970
如何引用文章
详细
Abstract—The review summarizes current literature information on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of severe stress-induced disease – post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hormonal, biochemical, genetic and morphofunctional changes in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system occurring in PTSD are characterized. It turned out that most researchers have formed an opinion about the leading role of chronic inflammation in PTSD. The data on the study of the action of anti-inflammatory drugs with a narrow biochemical orientation are presented. The review concludes with the presentation of the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of PTSD should be considered as an integrative inflammatory process of peripheral and central systems. The therapeutic agent in this case, most likely, should be a multifunctional drug. Judging by the results of the authors' experiments, it is most likely to be drugs of the pharmacological group of heparins.
作者简介
M. Lapshin
South Ural State University
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: lapshin1982@yandex.ru
Russia, 445080, Chelyabinsk
M. Kondashevskaya
Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution“Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: actual_probl@mail.ru
Russia, 117418, Moscow
V. Epishev
South Ural State University
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: epishevvv@susu.ru
Russia, 445080, Chelyabinsk
N. Patochkina
South Ural State University
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: patochkinana@susu.ru
Russia, 445080, Chelyabinsk
参考
- Архипов В.И., Капралова М.В., Першина Е.В. Эксайтотоксичность и экспериментальные подходы к нейропротекции // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2013. № 5. С. 486.
- Большаков А.П., Третьякова Л.В., Квичанский А.А., Гуляева Н.В. Глюкокортикоиды в нейровоспалении гиппокампа: доктор Джекилл и мистер Хайд // Биохимия. 2021. Т. 86. Вып. 2. С. 186–199.
- Кадыров Р.В., Венгер В.В. Комплексное посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство: современные подходы к определению понятия, этиологии, диагностика и психотерапия // Психолог. 2021. № 4. С. 45–60. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-8701.2021.4.35811
- Казенная Е.В. Современные зарубежные исследования посттравматического стрессового расстройства и его лечения эффективными психотерапевтическими методами у взрослых // Современная зарубежная психология. 2020. Т. 9. № 4. С. 110–119. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2020090410
- Кондашевская М.В. Сравнительный анализ гормональных и поведенческих изменений в моделях посттравматического стрессового расстройства и остром стрессе // Российский физиологический журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2019. Т. 105. № 7. С. 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869813919070045
- Кондашевская М.В., Комелькова М.В., Цейликман В.Э. и др. Новые морфофункциональные критерии профиля устойчивости при моделировании посттравматического стрессового расстройства – триггера дисфункции надпочечников // Доклады РАН. Науки о Жизни. 2021. Т. 501. С. 28–33. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2686738921060056
- Кондашевская М.В. Экосистема тучных клеток – ключевой полифункциональный компонент организма животных и человека. М.: Группа МДВ. 2019. 99 с. ISBN 978-5-906748-08-9.
- Кондашевская М.В. Гепарин в модуляции основных свойств центральной нервной системы при экспериментальном посттравматическом стрессовом расстройстве. Новый взгляд на механизмы патогенеза и лечения // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2019. Т. 168. № 7. С. 12–16.
- Кондашевская М.В., Цейликман В.Э., Манухина Е.Б. и др. Нарушение морфофункционального состояния надпочечников при экспериментальном посттравматическом стрессовом расстройстве у крыс: корреляция с поведенческими маркерами // Росс. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2017. Т. 103. № 7. С. 808–818.
- Никольская К.А., Шпинькова В.Н., Доведова Е.Л., Сергутина А.В., Герштейн Л.М. Типология познавательной деятельности в нейрохимических показателях мозга животных // Электрон. науч. журн. “Исследовано в России”. 2007. Т. 16. № 060207. С. 150–179.
- Тушкова К.В., Бундало Н.Л. Реактивная и личностная тревожность у мужчин и женщин при посттравматическом стрессовом расстройстве различной степени тяжести. // Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2013. Т. 3. № 81. С. 89–93.
- Цейликман В.Э., Лапшин М.С., Комелькова М.В. и др. Динамика изменения содержания ГАМК, катехоламинов и активности МАО-А при экспериментальном посттравматическом стрессовом расстройстве у крыс // Росс. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2018. Т. 104. № 2. С. 156–163.
- Albert-Bayo M., Paracuellos I., Gonzlez-Cfstro A.M. et al. Intestinal mucosal mast cells: key modulators of barrier function and homeostasis // Cells. 2019. V. 8. № 2. P. E135. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8020135
- Bajaj J.S., Sikaroodi M., Fagan A., Heuman D., Gilles H., Gavis E.A., Fuchs M., Gonzalez-Maeso J., Nizam S., Gillevet P.M., Wade J.B. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered gut microbiota that modulates cognitive performance in veterans with cirrhosis // Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2019. V. 317(5). P. G661-G669. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2019
- Baker J.D., Ozsan I., Ospina S.R., Gulick D., Blair L.J. Hsp90 heterocomplexes regulate steroid hormone receptors: from stress response to psychiatric disease // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019. V. 20. P. 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010079
- Bartsch T., Wulff P. The hippocampus in aging and disease: From plasticity to vulnerability // Neuroscience. 2015. V. 309. P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.084
- Bercik P., Denou E., Collins J., Jackson W., Lu J., Jury J. et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice // Gastroenterology. 2019. V. 141. P. 599–609, 609.e591–593.
- Burton O.T., Tamayo J.M., Stranks A.J. et al. Allergen-specific IgG antibody signaling through FcγRIIb promotes food tolerance // J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018. V. 141. № 1. P. 189–201.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.045
- Cain D.W., Cidlowski J.A. Immune regulation by glucocorticoids // Nature Reviews Immunology. 2017. V. 17. P. 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.1
- Carobrez A.P., Bertoglio L.J. Ethological and temporal analyses of anxiety-like behavior: the elevated plus-maze model 20 years on // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005. V. 8. № 29. P. 1193–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.017
- Cathomas F., Murrough J.W., Nestler E.J., Han M.H., Russo S.J. Neurobiology of Resilience: Interface Between Mind and Body Biol Psychiatry. 2019. V. 86(6). P. 410–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.011
- Chao L.L., Tosun D., Woodward S.H., Kaufer D., Neylan T.C. Preliminary Evidence of Increased Hippocampal Myelin Content in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder // Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2015. V. 9. P. 333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00333
- Criado-Marrero M., Rein T., Binder E.B., Porter J.T., Koren J. 3rd, Blair L.J. Hsp90 and FKBP51: complex regulators of psychiatric diseases // Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2018. V. 373(1738). P. 20160532. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0532
- d'Ettorre G., Ceccarelli G., Santinelli L., Vassalini P. et al. Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Healthcare Workers Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review // Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2021. V. 18. № 2. P. 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020601
- Delahanty D., Raimonde A., Spoonster E. Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims // Biol. Psychiatry. 2000. V. 48. P. 940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00896-9
- Dodiya H.B., Forsyth C.B., Voigt R.M. et al. Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson’s disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease // Neurobiol Dis. 2020. V. 135. P. 104352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.012
- Dunn A.J. Cytokine activation of the HPA axis // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2000. V. 917. P. 608–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05426.x
- Egan M.F., Kojima M., Callicott J.H. et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function // Cell. 2003. V. 112. P. 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00035-7
- Felger J.C. Imaging the Role of Inflammation in Mood and Anxiety-related Disorders // Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018. V. 16. № 5. P. 33–558. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666171123201142
- Ford J.D, Courtois C.A. Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder // Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2021. V. 8. № 1. P. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9
- Frank M.G., Miguel Z.D., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide // Brain Behav. Immun. 2010. V. 24. P. 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.008
- Ganci M., Suleyman E., Butt H. et al. The role of the brain-gut-microbiota axis in psychology: The importance of considering gut microbiota in the development, perpetuation, and treatment of psychological disorders // Brain Behav. 2019. V. 9. № 11. P. e01408. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1408
- Gellhorn E. Hypothalamus, sino-aortic reflexes and activity of the gut // Acta. Neuroveg. (Wien). 1959. V. 19. № (3–4). P. 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01227097
- Girolamo F., Coppola C., Ribatti D. Immunoregulatory effect of mast cells influenced by microbes in neurodegenerative diseases // Brain Behav. Immun. 2017. № 65. P. 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.017
- Gong Q., Yan X.J., Lei F. et al. Proteomic profiling of the neurons in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by corticosterone and the regulation of berberine: pivotal sites of oxidative phosphorylation // Mol. Brain. 2019. V. 12. № 1. P. 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-019-0518-4
- Groc L., Choquet D., Stephenson F. et al. NMDA receptor surface trafficking and synaptic subunit composition are developmentally regulated by the extracellular matrix protein Reelin // J. Neurosci. 2007. V. 27. № 38. P. 10165–75. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1772-07.2007
- Guiducci C., Gong M., Xu Z. et al. TLR recognition of self-nucleic acids hampers glucocorticoid activity in lupus // Nature. 2010. V. 465. P. 937–941. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09102
- Hartmann J., Dedic N., Pöhlmann M.L. et al. Forebrain glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, neurons mediate anxiogenic effects of the glucocorticoid receptor // Mol. Psychiatry. 2017. V. 22. № 3. P. 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.87
- Herrmann L., Ebert T., Rosen H., Novak B., Philipsen A., Touma C., Schreckenbach M., Gassen N.C., Rein T., Schmidt U. Analysis of the cerebellar molecular stress response led to first evidence of a role for FKBP51 in brain FKBP52 expression in mice and humans // Neurobiol. Stress. 2021. V. 15. P. 100401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100401
- Hogwood J., Pitchford S., Mulloy B., Page C., Gray E. Heparin and non-anticoagulant heparin attenuate histone-induced inflammatory responses in whole blood // PLoS One. 2020. V. 15. № 5. P. e0233644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233644
- Hori H., Itoh M., Yoshida F. et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects negative memory bias in civilian women with PTSD // Sci. Rep. 2020. V. 10. № 1. P. 3151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60096-1
- Horowitz M., Becker S. Cognitive Response to Stressful Stimuli // Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1971. V. 25. № 5. P. 419-28. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750170035007
- Horowitz M., Wilner N., Kaltreider N., Alvarez W. Signs and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder // Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980. V. 37. № 1. P. 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780140087010
- Huang F.L., Li F., Zhang W.J. et al. Brd4 participates in epigenetic regulation of the extinction of remote auditory fear memory // Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 2021. V. 179. P. 107383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107383
- Jiang A., Zhou C., Samsom J., Yan S., Yu D.Z., Jia Z.P., Wong A.H.C., Liu F. The GR-FKBP51 interaction modulates fear memory but not spatial or recognition memory // Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 2022. V. 119. P. 110604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110604
- Kästle M., Kistler B., Lamla T., Bretschneider T., Lamb D. et al. FKBP51 modulates steroid sensitivity and NFκB signalling: A novel anti"inflammatory drug target // Eur. J. Immunol. 2018. V. 48. 1904–1914. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201847699
- Kondashevskaya M.V., Ponomarenko E.A. Features of behavioral changes accompanied by decreases in corticosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder. Experimental application of novel models and test methods // Neurosci. And Behav. Physiol. 2018. V. 48. № 5. P. 521–527.
- Kroemer G., Galluzzi L., Vandenabeele P. et al. Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 // Cell Death Differ. 2009. V. 16. № 1. P. 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2008.150
- Kuan P.F., Yang X., Clouston S., Ren X., Kotov R., Waszczuk M., Singh P.K., Glenn S.T., Gomez E.C., Wang J., Bromet E., Luft B.J. Cell type-specific gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in World Trade Center responders // Transl. Psychiatry. 2019. V. 9(1). P. 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0355-8
- Lee B., Shim I., Lee H., Hahm D.H. Effect of oleuropein on cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cytokine expression in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder // J. Nat. Med. 2018. V. 72. № 1. P. 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-017-1103-8
- Li H., Su P., Lai T.K., Jiang A., Liu J., Zhai D., Campbell C.T., Lee F.H., Yong W., Pasricha S., Li S., Wong A.H., Ressler K.J., Liu F. The glucocorticoid receptor-FKBP51 complex contributes to fear conditioning and posttraumatic stress disorder // J. Clin. Invest. 2020. V. 130(2). P. 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI130363
- Li R., Tong J., Tan Y. et al. Low molecular weight heparin prevents lipopolysaccharide induced-hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairments in mice // Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015. V. 8. № 8. P. 8881–8891.
- McKim D.B., Weber M.D., Niraula A., Sawicki C.M., Liu X., Jarrett B.L. et al. Microglial recruitment of IL-1beta-producing monocytes to brain endothelium causes stress-induced anxiety // Mol. Psychiatry. 2018. V. 23. P. 1421–1431. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.64
- Menard C., Pfau M.L., Hodes G.E., Kana V., Wang V.X., Bouchard S. et al. Social stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression // Nature neuroscience. 2017. V. 20. P. 1752–1760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0010-3
- Mouchiroud L., Houtkooper R.H., Moullan N., Katsyuba E., Ryu D., Cantó C. et al. The NAD+/sirtuin pathway modulates longevity through activation of mitochondrial UPR and FOXO signaling // Cell. 2013. V. 154(2). P. 430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.016
- Meijsing S.H. Mechanisms of glucocorticoidregulated gene transcription // Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2015. V. 872. P. 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_3
- Notaras M., van den Buuse M. Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders // Mol. Psychiatry. 2020. V. 25. № 10. P. 2251–2274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0639-2
- Oroian B.A., Ciobica A., Timofte D., Stefanescu C., Serban I.L. New Metabolic, Digestive, and Oxidative Stress-Related Manifestations Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder // Oxid Med. Cell Longev. 2021. V. 2021. P. 5599265. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5599265
- Osorio C., Probert T., Jones E. et al. Adapting to Stress: Understanding the Neurobiology of Resilience // Behav. Med. 2017. V. 43. № 4. P. 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2016.1170661
- Poterucha T.J., Libby P., Goldhaber S.Z. More than an anticoagulant: Do heparins have direct anti-inflammatory effects? // Thromb Haemost. 2017. V. 117. № 3. P. 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH16-08-0620
- Renga G., Moretti S., Oikonomou V. et al. IL-9 and Mast Cells Are Key Players of Candida albicans Commensalism and Pathogenesis in the Gut // Cell Rep. 2018. V. 23. № 6. P. 1767–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.034
- Ridker P.M. Inflammatory biomarkers and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and total mortality: implications for longevity // Nutr. Rev. 2007. V. 65. № 12. Pt 2. S253–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00372.x
- Sabbagh J.J., Cordova R.A., Zheng D., Criado–Marrero M., Lemus A., Li P., Baker J.D., Nordhues B.A., Darling A.L., Martinez-Licha C., Rutz D.A., Patel S., Buchner J., Leahy J.W., Koren J. 3rd, Dickey C.A., Blair L.J. Targeting the FKBP51/GR/Hsp90 Complex to Identify Functionally Relevant Treatments for Depression and PTSD // ACS Chem Biol. 2018. V. 13(8). P. 2288–2299. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.8b00454
- Sarapultsev A., Sarapultsev P., Dremencov E. et al. Low glucocorticoids in stress-related disorders: the role of inflammation // Stress. 2020. V. 23. № 6. P. 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1766020
- Seetharaman S., Fleshner M., Park C.R., Diamond D.M. Influence of daily social stimulation on behavioral and physiological outcomes in an animal model of PTSD // Brain Behav. 2016. V. 6(5). P. e00458. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.458
- Somvanshi P.R., Mellon S.H., Yehuda R. et al. Role of enhanced glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity in inflammation in PTSD: insights from computational model for circadian-neuroendocrine-immune interactions // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020. V. 319. № 1. E48–66. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00398.2019
- Sugama S., Kakinuma Y. Stress and brain immunity: Microglial homeostasis through hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and sympathetic nervous system // Brain Behav. Immun. Health. 2020. V. 7. P. 100 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100111
- Tang W., Hu T., Hu B. et al. Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students // J. Affect Disord. 2020. V. 274. P. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009
- Toft H., Lien L., Neupane S.P., Abebe D.S., Tilden T., Wampold B.E., Bramness J.G. Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs // Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020. V. 32(1). P. 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.36
- Wang Q., Yu K., Wang J. et al. Predator stress-induced persistent emotional arousal is associated with alterations of plasma corticosterone and hippocampal steroid receptors in rat // Behav. Brain Res. 2012. V. 230. № 1. P. 167-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.051
- Witteveen A.B., Huizink A.C., Slottje P., Bramsen I., Smid T., Van Der Ploeg H.M. Associations of cortisol with posttraumatic stress symptoms and negative life events: A study of police officers and firefighters // Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010. V. 35. P. 1113–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.013
- Yabuki Y., Fukunaga K. Clinical Therapeutic Strategy and Neuronal Mechanism Underlying Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019. V. 20. № 15. P. 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153614
- Ye S., Yang R., Xiong Q. et al. Acute stress enhances learning and memory by activating acid-sensing ion channels in rats // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018. V. 498. № 4. P. 1078–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.122
- Yehuda R., Bierer L.M. Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk // Prog. Brain Res. 2008. V. 167. P. 121-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67009-5
- Yehuda R., Flory J., Pratchett L. et al. Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD // Psychopharmacology. 2010. V. 212. № 3. P. 405-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1969-6
- Yehuda R., Koenen K., Galea S., Flory J. The role of genes in defining a molecular biology of PTSD // Disease Markers. 2011. V. 30. № 2–3. P. 67–76. https://doi.org/10.3233/DMA-2011-0794
- Yehuda R., Neylan T., Flory J., McFarlane A. The use of biomarkers in the military: From theory to practice // Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013. V. 389. P. 1912–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.009
- Yehuda R., Seckl J. Minireview: Stress-related psychiatric disorders with low cortisol levels: a metabolic hypothesis // Endocrinology. 2011. V. 15212. P. 4496-503. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1218
- Zass L.J., Hart S.A., Seedat S., Hemmings S.M., Malan–Müller S. Neuroinflammatory genes associated with post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for comorbidity // Psychiatr Genet. 2017. V. 27. № 1. P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/YPG.0000000000000143
- Zoladz P.R., Del Valle C.R., Smith I.F., Goodman C.S., Dodson J.L., Elmouhawesse K.M., Kasler C.D., Rorabaugh B.R. Glucocorticoid Abnormalities in Female Rats Exposed to a Predator-Based Psychosocial Stress Model of PTSD // Front Behav. Neurosci. 2021. V. 15. P. 675 206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.675206