Uspehi fiziologičeskih nauk

The interaction between plasma coagulation and the complement system is a topic of active research, but it remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, it may have played a significant role in the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection. This review describes the complement system, the plasma coagulation pathway, including the extrinsic and intrinsic (contact) activation pathways, the kallikrein-kinin system, their role in protecting the body, as well as studies on the direct interaction between these systems. The review also outlines the scheme and role of these interactions in coronavirus infection. Available data suggest that the direct interaction between plasma coagulation and the complement system is extremely limited and is most likely mediated by complement activation through kallikrein. This may be important for protecting the body and highlights the role of the contact pathway as part of the innate immune system. During coronavirus infection, complement system activation could be enhanced by the activation of the contact pathway and the kallikrein-kinin system, which, in turn, may amplify complement activity. Neutrophils played an important role in this interaction. Mutual activation of these systems could have been one of the reasons for the severity of coronavirus disease.

The precedence effect, or the law of the first wave, is important for localization of sound sources in a reverberant environment. Sound propagates in multiple directions and is subsequently reflected from different surfaces. As a result, the listener is faced with sound waves from the sound source and also with its reflections. However, despite this “acoustic chaos”, the listener can localize the sound source fairly accurately. This review is regarded to “peripheral” models of the precedence effect. The effect is explained by peripheral auditory processing without the central inhibition. This article reviews the precedence effect and its properties; describes the localization of the sound source and the structure of the peripheral part of the human auditory system; describes the general points of all peripheral models; discusses similarities and differences between models; and proposes further development paths.

Non-suicidal self-harm behavior in mental disorders is a complex clinical phenomenon with a high prevalence among various groups of patients. Such behavioral patterns often precede suicidal intentions. However, despite the growing number of studies, currently many questions about the role of biological factors in the self-harm remain debatable. In this regard, the purpose of this review was to systematize data on the role of neurobiological factors in the non-suicidal self-harm. According to the materials studied, one of the promising theories may be the violation of the endogenous opioid system, as well as the role of neuroendocrine factors (in particular, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system) and neuroinflammatory mechanisms, the activation of which would explain the motivation for mutilation and the mechanism provoking this phenomenon. Research in this area can provide a better understanding of the motivation of this behavior, suggest new pharmacological methods of therapeutic effects on these clinical manifestations, identify possible tactics for determining risk and preventing non-suicidal self-harm, as well as shed light on the treatment of mood disorders, including to overcome therapeutic resistance and prevent suicidal behavior. Non-suicidal self-harm in mood disorders is a complex and controversial clinical phenomenon. Despite a large number of studies, currently many questions regarding the role of biological factors in the formation of non-suicidal self-injury remain unresolved. One promising theory is the violation of the endogenous opioid system and neuroinflammatory mechanisms, the activation of which would explain the self-harm motivation and mechanism of these acts. Research in this area can offer new pharmacological methods of therapeutic impact on these clinical phenomena, as well as shedding light on the treatment of mood disorders, such as overcoming therapeutic resistance and decrease suicide risks.