Sensory Systems
The journal is publishing original papers, reviews, short reports and covers researches ranging over the fields of physiology, morphology, biophysics, psychophysics of sensory systems, sensory biology, biosensors and also sensor technology, basis of coding, and analysis of information about the environment and its transformation into perceived images – visual, auditory, olfactory, etc. as well as the algorithms of automatic analysis of sensory information, its representation, interpretation and usage for various driving devices.
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Том 39, № 4 (2025)
ОБЗОРЫ
Knowledge of the genetic causes of hearing loss is the key to its prevention
Аннотация
Sensory organs are ideally suited to detect environmental signals and have maximum sensitivity to various stimuli. Congenital hearing loss associated with dysfunction of hair cells, receptors that perceive sound, is the most common sensory deficit in humans, which in most cases is associated with genetic causes. The reason of the significant role of genetics lies in the complex structure of the auditory analyser, which contains various types of highly specialized cells and proteins that ensure the function of hair cells. Removal or replacement of even one nucleotide in the genes encoding these proteins can disrupt the function of the well-coordinated high-precision system of the inner ear. The purpose of this article is to acquaint readers with the molecular structure of the auditory analyser, the hereditary forms of hearing loss and the modern possibilities for diagnostics and prevention of hereditary hearing loss. The main problem of genetic causes is related to the fact that a child with congenital deafness is born from a pair of healthy parents whose pedigree is “not burdened”, but at the same time they are carriers of mutations in the genes responsible for hearing impairment. Such carriage can now be found out even before the birth of the child thanks to the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Prevention of severe hereditary diseases is gradually being introduced into the practice of medical and genetic counselling of healthy couples when planning offspring, and the development of preimplantation diagnostics methods within the framework of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs allows couples at risk of hereditary diseases to give birth to a healthy child.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):5-20
5-20
Hyperacusis: Literature Review and Classification
Аннотация
Hyperacusis – increased sensitivity to environmental sounds – is a debilitating disorder that greatly impairs quality of life and can lead to social isolation and depression. Unlike hypoacusis, it has not been studied as deeply. The prevalence of hyperacusis and the risk factors leading to its development are unknown. Hyperacusis has no objective markers, classification, algorithms and protocols for diagnosis and treatment. Even the definition of the concept of “hyperacusis” itself is controversial. Therefore, there are difficulties in finding the causes of this condition, clinical management of patients and assessing the effectiveness of treatment methods. An analysis of literature data made it possible to compile a classification of hyperacusis, which should speed up and simplify the collection of anamnesis and the
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):21-34
21-34
Topography of ganglion cells in the mammal’s retina: ecological and evolutionary aspects
Аннотация
Visual fields of mammals are characterized by a non-uniform visual acuity. They contain the best-vision zones of high resolution, whereas visual acuity is markedly lower in other parts of the visual field. To a large extent, the visual acuity depends on the concentration (a number per unit of area) of the retinal ganglion cells: the cell concentration is maximal in the best-vision zones. The best-vision zone
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):35-46
35-46
СЛУХОВАЯ СИСТЕМА
Spatial hearing in elderly people with central auditory disorders of various origins
Аннотация
Central auditory disorders caused by age-related changes in peripheral hearing are often associated with age-related cerebrovascular accidents and cognitive impairment. The study compared the state of spatial and speech hearing in patients with chronic sensorineural hearing loss of the first degree and central auditory disorders, who had an acute cerebrovascular accident in their anamnesis and without it. Thirty elderly and senile patients were examined using a dichotic number test, a test of alternating binaural speech, a test of intelligibility of heterosyllabic words in silence and in noise, and the SHQ spatial hearing questionnaire. The speech test scores in the two groups of patients were close and did not differ significantly. The use of SHQ revealed significant differences in the examined groups. Correlations between SHQ and speech test scores were found; a strong relationship between speech and spatial hearing was found in the group with a history of acute cerebrovascular accident.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):47-60
47-60
Features of auditory perception of rhythmic sound sequences in elderly people with normal and impaired hearing
Аннотация
The results of a psychophysical study of the characteristics of auditory perception of sound rhythmic sequences in a risk group for age-related hearing loss: elderly people aged 60 to 78 years (Group 1: n = 39; M = 15, F = 24, normal hearing according to pure tone threshold audiometry) were presented. The comparison groups included young subjects aged 18 to 30 years with normal hearing (Group 2: n = 47; 24 men and 23 women) and elderly people aged 62 to 76 years with grade 2 bilateral sensorineural hearing loss who do not use hearing aids (Group 3: n = 30; 14 men and 16 women). Age and gender differences in rhythm recognition were analyzed. The experimental stimuli corresponded to sequences of 3 tone bursts (F = 1000 Hz) of varying duration (300, 600 ms; 150 ms pause), forming 6 rhythmic pattern variants (long-short-long, short-short-long, etc.). Additionally, 20 elderly subjects from Group 1 and 22 young subjects from Group 2 took part in short-term auditory memory testing using the auditory digit series reproduction method (Jacobs test). The correlation between the indicators of rhythmic pattern recognition and auditory memory was assessed. The obtained data confirmed the influence of age and hearing condition on rhythm perception. The reliable decrease in its indicators (p < 0.01) observed in elderly subjects with normal hearing thresholds. In this group, gender differences in the “success” of auditory rhythm perception and their relationship with the characteristics of short-term auditory memory were also evident. The results are discussed in the context of using rhythmic sound sequences in testing programs and sensory-cognitive training for the early detection and prevention of age-related hearing problems, including central auditory analysis and auditory memory processes.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):61-71
61-71
Potential for movement coordination and balance developing in children with hearing impairments under conditions of parent-assisted training
Аннотация
The paper presents the results of the initial testing of an express exercise complex for the development of motor coordination and postural control in children with auditory-speech impairments, aimed at their independent training with the support of their parents. The experimental group included 11 boys aged 4 to 7 years with sensorineural hearing loss of the 2nd and 3rd degree, two of whom used hearing aids. All children had difficulties in implementing coordinated movements and maintaining balance. To overcome them, an express training complex of 8 exercises was developed. Classes with children for 2 months were conducted by parents under the remote supervision of a physical rehabilitation specialist. Analysis of video materials obtained during the exercise before and after the training course showed positive changes in motor coordination and control over vertical posture in all children from the experimental group. The effectiveness of the complex was confirmed by reports prepared by parents who participated in the testing. They included additional information on the increase in communicative and speech activity in a significant part of children (73% in the group), as well as on the improvement of facial expressions. Positive results of testing, compactness of the complex and the possibility of its successful use in the format of independent work at home allow us to recommend it for use in the accompaniment and rehabilitation of children with hearing loss. Experimental assessment of the impact of the complex on motor coordination, balance and speech communication will be continued with an increase in the sample of hearing-impaired children, as well as preschoolers with other developmental disorders and manifestations of vestibular dysfunction.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):72-79
72-79
ОБОНЯТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА
Longitudinal Study of Spontaneous and Evoked Activity of Mitral/Tuft Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of Rats
Аннотация
It is known that the characteristics of spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity undergo changes over time. Typically, these changes are studied in acute and subacute experimental settings (e.g., pharmacological anesthesia, sleep-wake cycles). Long-term (weeks to months) recording of activity from identified neurons presents considerable methodological challenges. Consequently, questions regarding whether such changes occur, their nature, and their impact on the functional properties of neurons and neuronal populations require further investigation. To our knowledge, such studies at the level of olfactory bulb (OB) neurons–particularly in relation to the perception of ultra-low-concentration odorants–have not been conducted to date. The aim of this work was to perform a longitudinal study of the characteristics of spontaneous and evoked activity (triggered by presentation of sulcatone vapor at ultra-low concentration, ~1 × 10–15 g/cm³) in identified mitral/bundle (M/B) neurons of the OB. To achieve this, M/B neuron activity in the OB was periodically recorded (no more than once weekly) under xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in 5 rats over at least 1 month (maximum: 121 days). Analysis showed that the characteristics of both spontaneous and odorant-evoked activity in M/B neurons remain stable over extended periods. This finding is significant for research aimed at developing biohybrid sensory system technologies for identifying target substances at ultra-low concentrations.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):80-99
80-99
ЗРИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА
Implementation and testing of an automatic data processing algorithm for a digital oculograph
Аннотация
A digital infrared oculograph has been created to record eye movements. Miniature cameras with a frame rate of 500 Hz and a high spatial resolution of 1440 × 1080 px, located on spectacle frames, have been used. A technology for analyzing oculograms and algorithm for detecting the temporal characteristics of saccades and gaze fixations has been developed. The oculogram analysis algorithm has been matched with measurements of other physiological parameters. Discriminant analysis has been used for statistical processing and evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed algorithm. The technology has been tested based on a study of eye movements in 500 subjects. The duration and speed of eye movements have been measured in 16 experiments. Oculograms have been analyzed and sets corresponding to fixations and saccades have been obtained. An algorithm for automatic search for these parameters has been developed. The description of coordinates of the receiving matrices of video cameras and displays on which stimuli were presented has been matched for the spectacle-type oculograph. The algorithm for detecting the main temporal and spatial characteristics provides classification of saccades and gaze fixations (between saccades) when searching for a target by an operator in different conditions. Correction of coordinate systems is provided when the monitor and video camera reference points do not match, accounting for the offset and rotation of the video camera coordinate system relative to the monitor coordinate system is introduced. It is shown that the algorithm provides reliable results for subsequent analysis and interpretation of gaze movements with a recognition level of 0.97. The implemented algorithm is included in the Neurobureau hardware and software complex, which is in demand in management structures, in industry, transport, marketing and medicine, coordinated with other devices for physiological control of cognitive functions directly during the study, control and correction of operator actions when searching for a target.
Sensory Systems. 2025;39(4):99-108
99-108