Features of the Structure and Dynamics of Water in the Northern Half of the Sea of Japan in Autumn-Winter Period According to Satellite Data and Ship Observation

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Abstract

The results of studies of the structure and dynamics of water in the zone of a large-scale cyclonic gyre in the northern half of the Sea of Japan are presented, where satellite IR images annually in the autumn-winter period most clearly show two areas of low temperatures, separated by the influx of warm Tsushima waters from Japan. The location of these thermal structures coincides with the location of the western and northern cyclonic gyres, which are inextricably linked with deep upwelling. During the autumn-winter periods 2019-2021 it has been established that deep upwelling in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan extends from the bottom to the surface layer, focusing along the axial line passing through the Pervenets Rise and the Bersenev and Vasilkovsky ridges in the area of 42° N. between 132°E and 135.5° E. The western cyclonic gyre, located in the western part of the large-scale cyclonic gyre in the region of the considered deep upwelling, is a large topographic eddy. In the northern part of the large-scale cyclonic gyre, deep upwelling is confined to the continental clone, and the small northern cyclonic gyre is also located there. It is assumed that in the autumn-winter period the interaction of anticyclones that form vortex belts with cyclonic gyres leads to an increase in deep circulation. The peculiarity of the variability of the speed of deep currents - an increase from October to March, is probably due to the nature of the development of vertical and transverse horizontal circulation in the system of cyclonic gyres - vortex belts as a result of the intensification of deep upwelling with increased winds from the northern directions in winter.

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About the authors

A. F. Sergeev

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Author for correspondence.
Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

V. B. Lobanov

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

V. A. Goryachev

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

N. V. Shlyk

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

E. N. Maryina

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

N. B. Lukyanova

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

I. I. Gorin

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

V. Tsoy

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

S. A. Zverev

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

A. Yu. Yurtsev

National Operator of Research Fleet

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

I. A. Prushkovskaya

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

S. Y. Ladychenko

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI FEB RAS)

Email: sergeev@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Location of the STD stations (●): a ‒ flight No. 57 of the NIS Akademik Oparin on October 2-21, 2019; b ‒ flight No. 97 of the NIS Akademik M.A. Lavrentiev on December 7-28, 2021. The triangle indicates the location of the bottom monitoring station. The polyline shows the location of the northeastern section.

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3. Fig. 2. Thermal structure of the surface of the Sea of Japan according to satellite IR images in September–November 2019 and December 2021. In September and October, the temperature scales range from 5 °C to 31 °C, in November and December ‒ from 0  C to 26 C. In the image dated November 12, 2019, a black segment indicates the incision, the results of which are shown in Fig. 8.

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4. Fig. 3. Variability of temperature (red) and salinity (blue) at the bottom (22 m) monitoring station installed on June 7, 2019 in the coastal zone of southern Primorye to the southwest of the island. Russian.

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5. Fig. 4. Distribution of potential water temperature in October 2019 on the surface (a) and horizons of 100 m (b) and 1000 m (c); the relief of the bottom of the work area is a white line passing through the Pervenets hill and the Bersenev and Vasilkovsky ridges coincides with the centerline of the area of maximum elevation of deep waters, allocated according to the minimum temperatures in Figures b and c–G. Points (·) – the location of the stations. The vortex formations are indicated in Latin letters in Figures a, b and c.

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6. Fig. 5. Distribution of potential temperature in a section of 134°c (a) and a section directed from southwest to northeast (Fig. 1a) through the central region of deep upwelling (b) in October 2019. Vertical thin lines are the location of the stations.

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7. Fig. 6. Potential temperature distributions at the horizons of 300 m (a) and 1000 m (b) in December 2021. Points (·) are the location of the stations. The vortex formations are indicated in Latin letters in Figures a and b.

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8. Fig. 7. Distributions of the potential temperature (a, b) and the zonal component of the geostrophic velocity (c, d) (plus sign – the flow is directed to the east, minus – to the west) in sections of 134 vd according to the expeditions of the NIS “Academician M.A. Lavrentiev" (December 7-28, 2021, flight No. 97) ‒ a and b, respectively, and NIS Akademik Oparin (December 14-29, 2020, flight No. 62) ‒ b and d, respectively. The vertical thin lines in Fig. a and b are the location of the stations.

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9. Fig. 8. Distribution of potential temperature (a) and velocity of geostraphic currents perpendicular to the section made on November 11-12, 2019 in the expedition of the NIS Akademik Oparin (flight No. 58) in the northeastern region of low temperature (b). The plus sign - the flow is directed to the northeast, minus – to the south- the west. The vertical thin lines in Figure a represent the location of the stations. The section is shown in the satellite image from November 12, 2019 in Fig. 2.

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10. Fig. 9. a is an image of the northern half of the Sea of Japan in the infrared range from the NOAA satellite for October 9, 2019. anticyclonic vortex formations are indicated in Latin letters in the figure; the CCC area is outlined with a black line; white lines are cyclonic cycles: western (WCC), eastern (WCC) and northern (CCC). b is a drawing from (Nikitin, Yurasov, 2008). The Latin letters in the figure indicate the anticyclones established by satellite data for 1988-1996. The darkened circles indicate quasi-stationary anticyclones. The inset shows a generalized diagram of surface thermal fronts in the Sea of Japan.

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11. Fig. 10. Simplified scheme of vertical circulation in the section of 134 VD in December 2021.

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