ICE STRENGTH STUDIES IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA

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Abstract

Extensive construction of railway network in Russia in the second half of the 19th century evoked an interest in investigating ice properties, including ice strength. This information was important for bridge builders who encountered the problem of protecting bridge footings from ice impact during ice runs. In addition, temporary stream crossings were commonly used in summer and in winter to ensure railway transportation across wide streams that prevented prompt construction of permanent bridges. Designers and operators of these stream crossings also needed data on ice properties. Studies of ice strength characteristics were also promoted by the fact that railway engineers had well-equipped mechanical laboratories available to them to investigate material properties. However, actual studies on ice properties were very few. These were the investigations conducted by B. P. Vasenko (1897) and by N. M. Abramov (1904) in the mechanical laboratory of the Emperor Alexander I Railway Engineers Institute. Subsequently Abramov continued his studies as professor at the Don Polytechnic Institute in Novocherkassk. Ice strength was investigated by a renowned physicist, B. P. Veinberg. When working on his doctorate dissertation in 1905–1906, Veinberg studied ice viscosity, with the determination of ice shear strength and shear modulus as a side issue. In 1912–1915, Veinberg together with his students studied flexural strength of ice cover before ice run on the Tom river. For this purpose, Veinberg developed a special instrument. It is concluded that ice strength properties were regarded by the researchers as some indicators of ice environment. The question of using these data for calculations and predictions had not been raised yet. It is shown that availability of experimental equipment was an important factor in facilitating research in this area.

About the authors

K. E Sazonov

Krylov State Research Center; St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University

Email: K_Sazonov@ksrc.ru
St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg, Russia

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