Excessive extrapolations in cosmology

Abstract

The current standard cosmological model is based on the normalized Friedmann equation 1 = Ω_M +Ω_Λ +Ω_K, where Ω_M is the mass density of dark and baryonic matter, Ω_Λ the vacuum energy density, and Ω_K is the curvature parameter. We show that the Friedmann equation was derived under excessive extrapolations from Einstein’s equations, which are not scale invariant and are “verified” on much smaller scales. We explain why these extrapolations are incorrect, why the unrestricted use of the term “verified” is questionable, and why dark matter may exist only by definition.