Том 71, № 3 (2016)

A comparative analysis of natural waters in the system of southern taiga landscapes showed that the difference in their composition was due not only to their belonging to a certain type of a water entity but also to the nature of water-enclosing rocks. The specificity of the composition is particularly evident in the case of high carbonate concentration tending to the near-terrace area of the Klyazma River. It was found that snow waters of Moscow region landscapes were less polluted than urban waters. A comparison of lysimetric and natural waters suggests that two conventional groups are observed in nature: the former is formed by watercourses of floodplain landscapes with an increased carbonate content, and the latter is made up by natural waters that belong to landscapes outside the impact of carbonates. Lysimetric soils of unpolluted areas obviously tend to natural landscapes, whereas waters in the zone of impact of deicing agents form an independent group.

This article considers carbon stocks in the tundra ecosystems of northern Fennoscandia with different meso- and macrorelief features in relation with the value and structure of the phytomass of these ecosystems and their volume weight of fine-grained soil. The basic stocks of ecosystem carbon (60–97%) are concentrated in shallow soils. The value of the soil pool of carbon is influenced not only by its concentration but also by the thickness and level of stoniness of soil horizons. Phytomass is the second most significant carbon pool. It was established that most of the tundra ecosystems have stocks of this element largely in belowground phytomass, which, on the whole, reflects the correlation between its aboveground and belowground parts. The carbon stocks in the mortmass of tundra ecosystems are comparable with or slightly exceed the carbon stocks in the live phytomass.

Variations in the microelement composition of soils of lysimeters under the effect of atmospheric precipitation and model phytocenoses over the 49-year-long period were studied. A drop in acidity and a rise in the content of organic matter, microelements, and heavy metals in the surface soil layer were revealed. The greatest accumulation of heavy metals was seen in the forest litter and at a depth of 2–15 cm. In comparison with the original loam, zinc content is higher 18–20 times under tree vegetation, 14–16 times under grass communities, and five times in bare soils. The difference in the content of heavy metals between the soils under model phytocenoses and soils without plant cover is explained by their biogenic accumulation and input with dust precipitated on leaves. Dust amount and composition determine the regularities of the accumulation of the elements in soils.