Physiological Features of the Response of the Respiratory and Circulation Systems to Physical Load in Students Engaged in Winter Football

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Abstract

Adaptive changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems under the influence of winter football training were studied. 50 men aged 21-25 years — 3rd-4th year students — were examined: control group — 25 people specializing in “soccer” (S), main group — 25 people studying in the specialization “winter football” (WF). The examination was performed twice — before and after physical activity. Running (average pace, 180 steps/min) for 15 minutes was used as dosed physical activity. The loads were performed either indoors at a temperature of plus 22–24°C, or in winter outside at a temperature of minus 18–20°C. Indoor and outdoor surveys were carried out on different days. Assessment of peripheral blood flow in the lower extremities was performed using rheography; to assess the main blood flow in the femoral artery, Doppler ultrasound was used. The study of external respiration functions was carried out using pneumotachography. The lactate concentration in capillary blood was determined photometrically. It has been shown that physical activity performed in the cold in adapted athletes (WF group) promotes increased integration between the respiratory and circulatory systems, ensuring the formation of a functional system characterized by stronger connections for optimal adaptation to the combined effects of physical activity and cold. In athletes training indoors (group S) under conditions of a combination of physical activity and cold exposure, on the contrary, desynchronization of the interaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs, which leads to a decrease in adaptive reserves. Thus, sports training in winter football triggers phenotypic adaptive changes and creates a number of physiological mechanisms that promote increased integration between the respiratory and circulatory systems, providing optimal adaptation to the combined effects of physical activity and cold. The obtained facts will be useful for the development of special training programs aimed at increasing the functional reserve of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes training in cold conditions.

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About the authors

L. V. Kapilevich

National Research Tomsk State University; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University

Author for correspondence.
Email: kapil@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk; Tomsk

A. A. Ilyin

Tomsk University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics

Email: kapil@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk

L. Jiao

National Research Tomsk State University

Email: kapil@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk

F. Xiao

National Research Tomsk State University

Email: kapil@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Tomsk

S. G. Krivoshchekov

Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine

Email: kapil@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

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2. Fig. 1. Lactic acid concentration in the capillary blood of athletes, Me (Q1–Q3). * – reliability of differences at rest and after exercise (p ≤ 0.05). # – reliability of differences between Football and Winter football groups after exercise (p ≤ 0.05). & – reliability of differences between indicators in heat And in the cold (p ≤ 0.05).

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3. Fig. 2. The magnitude of the change in the concentration of lactic acid in the capillary blood of football players after physical exertion performed under various conditions, Me (Q1-Q3). & – the reliability of differences between the values of the increase in the index in response to physical exertion performed in heat and cold (in the same group of athletes) (p < 0.05). # – the reliability of differences between the values of the indicator increase in response to physical activity in the Football and Winter football groups (performed under the same temperature conditions) (p < 0.05).

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4. Fig. 3. Correlations between the values of changes in the parameters of the main and peripheral blood flow in the lower extremity, pneumotachographic parameters and lactate concentration in capillary blood when performing physical activity in heat and cold. The figure shows the values of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (r), only significant indicators are given (the significance of the correlation was estimated using the permutation test and was considered significant at a confidence level of p ≤ 0.05). PIC — peak expiratory flow, MOS 75 – maximum volume velocity at 75% exhalation, rheographic index, Vmax is the maximum rate of rapid filling, VS is the maximum linear velocity of blood movement, Lactate is the concentration of lactate in capillary blood.

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