Skin of the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica, Phocidae): norm and pathology
- Authors: Anikienko I.V.1, Ryadinskaya N.I.1, Petrov Е.А.2, Kostyunin K.Y.3,4, Belova S.E.1, Ikonnikova D.R.1
-
Affiliations:
- A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
- Baikal Museum, Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Irkutsk State Medical University
- Irkutsk Regional Diagnostic Centre
- Issue: Vol 104, No 1 (2025)
- Pages: 93-111
- Section: ARTICLES
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0044-5134/article/view/285421
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044513425010076
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/SXYYXC
- ID: 285421
Cite item
Abstract
Using anatomical and histological methods, we studied the norm and pathological changes in the skin of 12 Baikal seals of different ages (Pusa sibirica) (alopecia, ulcers, scars, etc.). Similar changes are usually observed in many seals appearing on coastal rookeries. Norm: the skin has a folded epidermis on the body and flippers. Hyperkeratosis of the epithelium is noted. No border between the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis is expressed. The papillary layer is formed by thin bundles of collagen fibers, the reticular layer by thick bundles of collagen fibers. In the reticular layer of the skin of the body, there are powerful, numerous bundles of smooth muscles. The dermis of the skin of the flippers is thinner in comparison with the dermis of the skin of the body. In the skin of the body, the sebaceous glands are small and multi-lobed; each hair bundle is usually surrounded by two such glands. The lower secretory sections of the apocrine sweat glands are weakly convoluted and tubular, being located in the deep layers of the reticular dermis and in the adipose tissue separately from the hair follicles and next to the network of blood vessels. Their narrow excretory ducts open into the funnel of the hair at the level of its upper third. In the skin of the flippers, large convoluted apocrine glands are located at the level of the lower sections of the bulbs of the guard hairs, elongated polymorphic excretory ducts of the sebaceous glands open into the hair bags. Morphophysiological adaptations of the skin of seals, contributing to the improvement of its hydrodynamic, thermoregulatory and sun-protective properties, are discussed. Pathology: two main complexes of skin pathologies in seals have been identified: (1) koilocytosis, subepidermal inflammation (the infiltrate is represented by lymphocytes with a small admixture of histiocytes), lymphocyte exocytosis in hair follicles with spongiosis; (2) formation of a subepidermal blister with neutrophilic infiltration in the papillary layer of the dermis. These pathologies may be associated with global warming and changes in the ice regime of Lake Baikal, which may have led to the development of immune inflammatory processes in the skin. The effect of an unknown viral pathogen that caused koilocytosis in seals cannot be ruled out.
Keywords
Full Text

About the authors
I. V. Anikienko
A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
Author for correspondence.
Email: babushcinai@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Irkutsk Region
N. I. Ryadinskaya
A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
Email: ryadinskaya.nina@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Irkutsk Region
Е. А. Petrov
Baikal Museum, Irkutsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Email: evgen-p@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Irkutsk Region
K. Yu. Kostyunin
Irkutsk State Medical University; Irkutsk Regional Diagnostic Centre
Email: kostjunin@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Irkutsk; Irkutsk
S. E. Belova
A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
Email: sonab5215@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Irkutsk Region
D. R. Ikonnikova
A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
Email: dasha2002.30anim@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Irkutsk Region
References
- Автандилов Г. Г., 1990. Медицинская морфометрия. Руководство. М.: Медицина. 384 с.
- Баранов В. И., Баранов Е. А., Елагин О. К., Петров Е. А., Шошенко К. А., 1988. Кровоток в коже и подкожном жире байкальской нерпы // Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии. Т. 24. № 3. С. 437– 444.
- Баранов В. И., Елагин О. К., Корохов В. П., Петров Е. А., Чермных Н. А. и др., 1992. Органное кровообращение байкальской нерпы при изменении температуры и нырянии // Бионика. № 25. С. 98–108.
- Белькович В. М., 1964. Строение кожного покрова некоторых ластоногих. Морфологические особенности водных млекопитающих. М.: Наука. С. 5–47.
- Гармаев Б. Ц., Цыбикжапов А. Д., Сиразиев Р. З., 2013. Структурно-функциональная организация кожно-волосяного покрова байкальской нерпы: монография. Улан-Удэ: Бурятская ГСХА им. В. Р. Филиппова. 77 с.
- Грушко М. П., Володина В. В., 2023. Морфология кожного покрова каспийского тюленя (Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788) // Актуальные вопросы ветеринарной медицины. № 1 (57). С. 60–63.
- Иванов М. К., 1982. Кожно-волосяной покров байкальской нерпы // Морфофизиологические и экологические исследования байкальской нерпы. Новосибирск: Наука. С. 20–39.
- Лилли Р., 1969. Патогистологическая техника и практическая гистохимия. М.: Мир. 646 с.
- Мордвинов Ю. Е., 1984. Функциональная морфология плавания птиц и полуводных млекопитающих. Киев: Наук. думка. 168 с.
- Мордвинов Ю. Е., Куратов Б. В., 1972. Влияние волосяного покрова некоторых видов настоящих тюленей (Phocidae) на величину общего гидродинамического сопротивления // Зоологический журнал. Т. 51. № 2. С. 242–247.
- Мяделец О. Д., 2000. Клеточные механизмы барьерно-защитных функций кожи и их нарушения при кожной патологии. Витебск: Издательство Витебского государственного медицинского университета. 283 с.
- Пастухов В. Д., 1993. Нерпа Байкала: биологические основы рационального использования и охраны ресурсов. Новосибирск: ВО “Наука”. 272 с.
- Петров Е. А., 2009. Байкальская нерпа. Улан-Удэ: ИД “Экос”. 176 с.
- Петров Е. А., Елагин О. К., Баранов В. И., Шошенко К. А., 1998. Сосудистые реакции у байкальской нерпы Pusa sibirica при разных типах ныряний // Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии Т. 34. № 1. С. 50–56.
- Петров Е. А., Купчинский А. Б., Фиалков В. А., Бадардинов А. А., 2021. Значение береговых лежбищ в жизни байкальской нерпы (Pusa sibirica Gmelin 1788, Pinnipedia). 1. Обзор // Зоологический журнал. Т. 100. № 5. С. 590–600.
- Петров Е. А., Купчинский А. Б., Фиалков В. А., Бадардинов А. А., 2021а. Значение береговых лежбищ в жизни байкальской нерпы (Pusa sibirica Gmelin 1788, Pinnipedia). 3. Функционирование лежбищ байкальской нерпы на острове Тонкий (Ушканьи острова, оз. Байкал) по материалам видеонаблюдений // Зоологический журнал. Т. 100. № 7. С. 823– 840.
- Петров Е. А., Купчинский А. Б., 2023. Растянутая линька на фоне потепления климата – основная причина выхода байкальской нерпы (Pusa sibirica, Pinnipedia) на береговые лежбища // Зоологический журнал. Т. 102. № 2. С. 201–214.
- Рядинская Н. И., Аникиенко И. В., Иконникова Д. Р., Ильина О. П., Карпова Е. А. и др., 2020. Скелет байкальской нерпы. Молодежный: Издательство Иркутского государственного аграрного университета им. А. А. Ежевского. 61 с.
- Соколов В. Е., 1973. Кожный покров млекопитающих. М.: Наука. 487 с.
- Соколов В. Е., Скурат Л. Н., Степанова Л. В., Сумина Е. Б., Шабадаш С. А., 1988. Руководство по изучению кожного покрова млекопитающих. М.: Наука. 280 с.
- Соколов В. Е., Чернова О. Ф., 2001. Кожные железы млекопитающих. М.: ГЕОС. 648 с.
- Amano M., Miyazaki N., Petrov E. A., 2000. Age determination and growth of Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) // Advances in Ecological Research. V. 31. P. 449–462.
- Antiga E., Caproni M., 2015. The diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis // Clin. Cosmet. Investig Dermatol. V. 8. P. 257–265.
- Barragán-Vargas C., Montano-Frías J., Ávila Rosales G., Godínez-Reyes C.R., Acevedo-Whitehouse K., 2016. Transformation of the genital epithelial tract occurs early in California sea lion development // R. Soc. open sci. V. 3. № 3. P. 150419.
- Becher P., König M., Müller G., Siebert U., Thiel H. J., 2002. Characterization of sealpox virus, a separate member of the parapoxviruses // Arch. Virol. V. 147. P. 1133–1140.
- Beckmen K. B., Lowenstine L. J., Newman J., Hill J., Hanni K., Gerber J., 1997. Clinical and pathological characterization of northern elephant seal skin disease // J. Wildlife Diseases. V. 33. № 3. P. 438–449.
- Beltran R., Burns J., Breed G., 2018. Convergence of biannual moulting strategies across birds and mammals // Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. V. 285. P. 20180318.
- Bergin I. L., Bell J. D., Chen Z., Zochowski M. K., Chai D. et al., 2013. Novel Genital Alphapapillomaviruses in Baboons (Papio hamadryas Anubis) With Cervical Dysplasia // Veterinary Pathology. V. 50. № 1. P. 200–208.
- Buckles E. L., Lowenstine L. J., Funke C., Vittore R. K., Wong H. N. et al., 2006. Otarine Herpesvirus-1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) // Journal of Comparative Pathology. V. 135. № 4. P. 183–189.
- Colegrove K. M., Burek-Huntington K.A., Roe W., Siebert U., 2018. Chapter 23 – Pinnipediae // Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. Terio K. A., McAloose D., Leger J. St. (Ed.). Academic Press. P. 569–592.
- Dierauf L. A., Guland F. M.D., 2001. Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- Dunn J. L., Buck J. D., Spotte S., 1984. Candidiasis in captive pinnipeds // J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. V. 185. № 11. P. 1328–1330.
- Gonzales-Viera O., Marigo J., Ruoppolo V. C., Rosas F. C.W., Bertozzi C. P., Catão-Dias J.L., 2012. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii, Papillomavirus and Poxvirus Infections in Brazilian Dolphins // Materials American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Conference, 2012, Oakland (California, USA) [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11367&catId=152766&id=9846859&ind=115&objTypeID=17. (Дата обновления: 15.01.24).
- Goodman S., 2016. Pusa sibirica, Baikal seal // The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. P. 1–17.
- Guerrero A. I., Rogers T. L., Sepúlveda M., 2021. Conditions influencing the appearance of thermal windows and the distribution of surface temperature in hauled-out southern elephant seals // Conservation Physiology. V. 9. № 1. P. coaa141.
- Khamas W. A., Smodlaka H., Leach-Robinson J., Palmer L., 2012. Skin histology and its role in heat dissipation in three pinniped species // Acta Vet Scand. V. 54. № 1. P. 46.
- Krmpotic C. M., Loza C. M., Negrete J., Scarano A. C., Carlini A. A. et al., 2018. Integument in Antarctic seals: A comparative study and its relation to extreme environments // Acta Zool. V. 99. № 3. P. 281–295.
- Ling J. K., 2012. The skin and hair of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Linn.). IV. Annual cycle of pelage follicle activity and moult // Australian Journal of Zoology. V. 60. № 4. P. 259–271.
- Ling J. K., 2018. A histological study of the skin, hair follicles and moult of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata [Erxleben, 1777]) // Polar Research. V. 37. № 1. P. 1419906.
- Lipscomb T. P., Mense M. G., Habecker P. L., Taubenberger J. K., Schoelkopf R., 2001. Morbilliviral dermatitis in seals // Vet Pathol. V. 38. № 6. P. 724–726.
- Mamaev L. V., Denikina N. N., Belikov S. I., Volchkov V. E., Visser I. K.G. et al., 1995. Characterisation of morbilliviruses isolated from Lake Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) // Veterinary Microbiology. V. 44. P. 251–259.
- Müller G., Gröters S., Siebert U., Rosenberger T., Driver J. et al., 2003. Parapoxvirus infection in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German North Sea // Vet. Pathol. V. 40. № 4. P. 445–454.
- Pfeiffer C. J., Rowntree V. J., 1996. Epidermal ultrastructure of the southern right whale calf (Eubalaena australis) // J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. V. 28. № 2. P. 277– 286.
- Pollock C. G., Rohrbach B., Ramsay E. C., 2000. Fungal dermatitis in captive pinnipeds // Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. V. 31. № 3. P. 374–378.
- Reeb D., Best P., Kidson S., 2007. Structure of the integument of southern right whales, Eubalaena australis // Anatomical record. V. 290. P. 596–613.
- Ringwaldt E. M., Brook B. W., Carver S., Buettel J. C., 2021. The Patterns and Causes of Dermatitis in Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Mammalian Wildlife // Animals. V. 11. № 6. P. 1691.
- Ryadinskaya N., Meltsov I., Tabakova M., Anikienko I., Sayvanova S. et al., 2020. Identification of causes of death of Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica Gmelin, 1788) // Turkish Journal of Zoology. V. 44. P. 60–63.
- Taurisano N. D., Butler B. P., Stone D., Hariharan H., Fields P. J. et al., 2018. Streptococcus phocae in marine mammals of northeastern pacific and arctic Canada: a retrospective analysis of 85 postmortem investigations // J. Wildlife Diseases. V. 54. № 1. P. 101–111.
- Van Bressem M.-F., Van Waerebeek K., Pierard G. E., Desaintes C., 1996. Genital and lingual warts in small cetaceans from coastal Peru // Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. V. 26. P. 1–10.
- Walcott S. M., Kirkham A. L., Burns J. M., 2020. Thermoregulatory costs in molting Antarctic Weddell seals: impacts of physiological and environmental conditions: Themed Issue Article: Conservation of Southern Hemisphere Mammals in a Changing World // Conserv Physiol. V. 8. № 1. P. coaa022.
- Wright E. P., Waugh L. F., Goldstein T., Freeman K. S., Kelly T. R. et al., 2015. Evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation // Vet Ophthalmol. V. 18. № s1. P. 148–159.
- Wu Q., Wang Y., Zhang X., Gu X., He H., Jin X., 2023. Pyogranulomatous dermatitis with Enterococcus faecalis in a spotted seal (Phoca larga) // Veterinary Medicine and Science. V. 9. № 2. P. 985–991.
Supplementary files
