The role of RNA-protein granules in neurodevelopment

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Abstract

RNA-protein granules are dynamic, membrane-less organelles found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells across nearly all organisms, from the unicellular to the multicellular. They are complex assemblies composed of coding and non-coding RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, enzymes, and other proteins. Functionally, they are hubs for RNA storage, transport, signaling, and regulation of translation. A growing body of evidence now underscores their critical role in orchestrating processes within brain development. These granules facilitate neurodevelopment through the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression; ensuring proteins are synthesized in the right place and time. For instance, the initial division and differentiation of neural precursor cells rely on mechanisms like transcriptional priming, a process facilitated by specific granules – processing bodies. As brain cells mature, RNA-protein granules enable the transport of transcripts to distant cellular sites. There, they regulate local protein synthesis, which is fundamental for cellular morphology, the maturation of dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity, and overall neural circuit connectivity. Furthermore, stress granules, which form transiently in response to cellular stress, are increasingly recognized as players in the developing central nervous system. It is hypothesized that stress granules promote cell survival during stressful events often accompanying embryonic development. Importantly, mutations in genes encoding RNA-protein granule proteins are associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. These mutations disrupt the dynamic nature of RNA-protein granules, leading to disturbances in mRNA localization and expression. Neurodevelopmental disorders linked to these mutations are often characterized by intellectual disability, speech delay, epileptic seizures, and autism spectrum disorder. The review summarizes the current data on the role of these RNA-protein granules – with a focus on stress granules, processing bodies, and transport granules – in shaping brain development.

About the authors

N. B Illarionova

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: illarionova@bionet.nsc.ru
Novosibirsk, Russia

M. P Moshkin

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Tomsk State University

Email: illarionova@bionet.nsc.ru

Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology

Novosibirsk, Russia; Tomsk, Russia

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».