MITOCHONDRIA AND ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION DURING HIBERNATION

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Abstract

Hibernation is the ability of a number of animals to hibernate for a long time, is a natural hypometabolic condition that allows hibernating animals to tolerate such adverse environmental factors as a decrease in temperature, lack of food and water. The ability to hibernate is a consequence of adaptations accumulated during evolution at various physiological levels, among which the key is molecular adaptation to hypoxia, which eliminates not only the negative effect of oxygen deficiency on cells, but also the danger of oxidative stress (OS) induced by hypoxia. This aspect of hibernation is of great medical importance, as understanding the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of hibernators to hypoxia and OS can help solve a number of important problems in the prevention of posthypoxic complications in people with chronic neurodegenerative and heart diseases. The molecular basis of adaptation to hypoxia in hibernators is the presence of an effective antioxidant system (AOS) and regulatory mechanisms that ensure the extreme plasticity of mitochondria (intracellular ROS inducers), especially pronounced when animals come out of hibernation. During this period, the rate of oxygen consumption increases in cells and the antioxidant system (AOS) is activated, including low molecular weight (glutathione (GSH)) and enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) components. The thioredoxin system and vitamins (A, C, and E) are also involved in the process of protecting tissues from oxygen free radicals in hibernators. Despite the close interest in the problem of regulating ROS production in the mitochondria of hibernators, the question of the participation of antioxidant systems and its individual components in the detoxification of excess ROS products during various periods of natural hibernation has not been sufficiently studied. The question of the possibility of extrapolating the data obtained on model animals to humans remains important. This review summarizes and analyzes the latest data on advances in the study of mitochondria and antioxidant protection during hibernation in mammals, mainly ground squirrels, which are generally accepted experimental models of hibernation.

About the authors

I. V Shemarova

Sechenov Institute of Evolution Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St-Petersburg, Russia

Email: irina-shemarova@yandex.ru
St-Petersburg, Russia

E. R Nikitina

Sechenov Institute of Evolution Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St-Petersburg, Russia

St-Petersburg, Russia

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