Effect of adrenaline on mitochondrial membrane potential and indicators of the cellular immunity of hemocytes of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

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Abstract

Bivalves as inhabitants of the littoral zone of the World Ocean are subjected to fluctuations in abiotic environmental factors. Sharp fluctuations in environmental parameters are accompanied by the development of a physiological stress reaction in the organism of mollusks, while changes in their functional state occur due to the release of neurotransmitters into the hemolymph. Catecholamines are key signaling molecules in the system of neuroendocrine regulation of bivalve mollusks and also are involved in the modulation of the immune response during physiological stress. Hemocytes, as the central effector of the cellular immunity of bivalve mollusks, have adrenoreceptors on the surface of the cell membrane, which suggests the presence of a functional relationship between external stress and the cellular immune response. In the present work, the effect of adrenaline at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM on phagocytosis, adhesion and aggregation capacity of hemocytes of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) was investigated in vitro. The effect of adrenaline on the level of spontaneous production of reactive oxygen species and on changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential of hemocytes was also studied. It was shown that stimulation of mussel hemocytes with adrenaline at a concentration of 10 μM contributed to a reliable increase in the ability to phagocytosis. Adrenaline at a concentration of 1 μM significantly increased the ability of hemocytes to adhere to a solid substrate. Also, stimulation of cells with adrenaline at 10 μM for 30 minutes led to an increase in the membrane potential of hemocyte mitochondria. No reliable changes in the level of spontaneous production of active forms of oxygen in hemocytes under the influence of adrenaline were detected. The results of this work indicate that adrenaline has an immunomodulatory effect on mussel hemocytes and stimulates their aerobic metabolism.

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A. A. Tkachuk

A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: tkachuk@ibss-ras.ru
Russian Federation, Sevastopol

T. A. Kukhareva

A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS

Email: tkachuk@ibss-ras.ru
Russian Federation, Sevastopol

E. S. Kladchenko

A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS

Email: tkachuk@ibss-ras.ru
Russian Federation, Sevastopol

A. Yu. Andreyeva

A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: tkachuk@ibss-ras.ru
Russian Federation, Sevastopol; Saint Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Effect of adrenaline (1 μM and 10 μM) on the intensity of phagocytosis of hemocytes of the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis. (a) – micrographs of hemocytes containing particles of green fluorescent zymosan (↓), phagocytic index (b) and phagocytic activity (c) of hemolymph cells. * – significant relative to the control at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 10).

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3. Fig. 2. Effect of adrenaline (1 μM and 10 μM) on adhesion and aggregation of hemolymph cells of Mediterranean mussels M. galloprovincialis: (a) – micrograph of hemocyte suspension activated by addition of adrenaline; (b) – number of adherent hemocytes; (c) – number of hemocyte aggregates; (d) – area of ​​hemocyte aggregates. ↓ – adherent hemocytes; ↓ – aggregates. * – significant relative to control at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 10).

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4. Fig. 3. Content of active oxygen forms in mussel hemocytes under the influence of adrenaline (1 μM and 10 μM) for 5 min (a) and 30 min (b).

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5. Fig. 4. Changes in the membrane potential of mitochondria of mussel hemocytes under the influence of adrenaline (1 μM and 10 μM) for 5 min (a) and 30 min (b). * – significant relative to the control at p ≤ 0.05 (n = 10)

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