Coevolution of honeybees and humans — adaptive evolution of two species

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The questions of the evolution of the honey bee, the formation of their relationship with humans, as well as the consequences of domestication against the background of selection are discussed. The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) originated more than 100 million years ago on the southern supercontinent Gondwana. The relationship between humans and honeybees began to form 10 thousand years ago. Before meeting man, the bee remained unchanged in its original form for hundreds of millions of years. Today, the species has been largely modified by domestication and is widely used not only for the production of honey, wax and royal jelly, but also for pollinating crops throughout the world. The evolution of A. mellifera began in Southeast Asia, and the formation of subspecies in North Africa, which later spread north to Western Asia and Northern Europe. The meeting of the honey bee with man led to revolutionary changes. Most of the subspecies of bees, formed about 100 thousand years ago, were lost as a result of hybridization due to human fault. This process contributed to the blurring of the geographical boundaries of the subspecies’ ranges and created new threats to the conservation of the biological and genetic diversity of bees. The use of local populations of honey bees has proven their advantages in the resistance of families to environmental factors compared to introduced bees. The selection of subspecies and ecotypes adapted to the conditions that shaped them during evolution plays an important role in the management of honey bees, since genetic diversity supports their evolutionary potential for adaptation. The history of the relationship between humans and the honey bee is a key aspect in understanding their modern ecological adaptation and for forming a further strategy for mutually beneficial relations. Modern man and bee, despite their apparent independence, have become mutually beneficial partners, capable, through cooperation, of increasing their adaptation, stability and survival in the modern world.

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R. A. Ilyasov

Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: wener5791@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

D. V. Boguslavsky

Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: wener5791@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

A. Y. Ilyasova

Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: wener5791@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. N. Sattarov

Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: wener5791@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa

A. G. Mannapov

Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University — Moscow Agricultural Academy

Email: wener5791@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Three scenarios for the dispersal of honey bee subspecies: I — hypothesis (Ruttner, 1988), II — hypothesis (Arias, Sheppard, 1996), III — hypothesis (Whitfield et al., 2006). M, C, A and O — evolutionary branches; 1–4 — order of geographic migration of bees.

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3. Fig. 2. Modern forest beekeeping in the Burzyansky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Southern Urals.

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