Anemia and comorbidity in people over 65: data from the Russian study EUCALYPTUS
- Authors: Khovasova N.O.1, Vorobyeva N.M.1, Naumov A.V.1, Malaya I.P.1, Kotovskaya Y.V.1, Tkacheva O.N.1
-
Affiliations:
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
- Issue: Vol 97, No 4 (2025): Вопросы диагностики
- Pages: 336-343
- Section: Original articles
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0040-3660/article/view/292178
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2025.04.203197
- ID: 292178
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
Background. Anemia is an essential component of comorbidity, being both a complication of chronic diseases and a factor in their progression. Comorbidity patients with low hemoglobin have a greater number of diseases, worse geriatric status parameters and the lowest survival. Especially negative consequences of a decrease in hemoglobin were noted in people of the older age group.
Aim. To investigate the relationship between anemia and comorbidity in patients aged 65 years and older.
Materials and methods. The results of a sub-analysis of the multicenter cross-sectional study EUCALYPTUS, which involved 4308 people (30% of men) aged 65 to 107 years (average age – 78 years), are presented. The comorbidity was assessed and the Charlson comorbidity index was calculated, and the complete blood count was studied.
Results. The frequency of comorbidity was 89%, anemia – 24%. The value of the Charlson comorbidity index in patients with anemia was greater than in those without anemia – 5 (4; 7) vs. 4 (3; 6) points (p<0.001). For every 1-point increase in Charlson index values, the odds of having anemia increase by 21% (odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.25; p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified 9 independent predictors of anemia (age ≥82 years, male, history of myocardial infarction and stroke, peptic ulcer disease, atrial fibrillation, stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, active cancer, no hypertension) with an odds ratio of 1.25 to 3.14. In the presence of 2–4 predictors, the risk of anemia increases 1.3–2.6 times, 5 predictors – almost 5 times, 6 or more – almost 13 times.
Conclusion. Comorbidity patients are at risk for the development of anemia, which requires timely treatment, including iron supplements if absolute or functional iron deficiency is confirmed.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Natalia O. Khovasova
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Author for correspondence.
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3066-4866
доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры болезней старения фак-та дополнительного профессионального образования Института непрерывного образования и профессионального развития, старший научный сотрудник лаб. заболеваний костно-мышечной системы Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра
Russian Federation, MoscowNatalya M. Vorobyeva
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6021-7864
доктор медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаб. клинической фармакологии и фармакотерапии Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра
Russian Federation, MoscowAnton V. Naumov
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6253-621X
фак-та дополнительного профессионального образования Института непрерывного образования и профессионального развития
Russian Federation, MoscowIrina P. Malaya
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5964-5725
кандидат медицинских наук, зав. лаб. клинической фармакологии и фармакотерапии Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра
Russian Federation, MoscowYulia V. Kotovskaya
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1628-5093
доктор медицинских наук, зам. дир. по научной работе Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра
Russian Federation, MoscowOlga N. Tkacheva
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)
Email: natashahov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4193-688X
доктор медицинских наук, профессор, дир. Российского геронтологического научно-клинического центра, зав. кафедры болезней старения фак-та дополнительного профессионального образования Института непрерывного образования и профессионального развития
Russian Federation, MoscowReferences
- Song D, Liu D, Ning W, et al. Incidence, prevalence and characteristics of multimorbidity in different age groups among urban hospitalized patients in China. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):18798. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46227-4
- Nguyen H, Manolova G, Daskalopoulou C, et al. Prevalence of multimorbidity in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Comorb. 2019;9:2235042X19870934. doi: 10.1177/2235042X19870934
- Chowdhury SR, Chandra Das D, Sunna TC, et al. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;57:101860. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101860
- Zhong Y, Xi H, Guo X, et al. Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in the Prevalence and Patterns of Multimorbidity among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416956
- Stieglitz LM, Bärnighausen T, Leyna GH, et al. Patterns of comorbidity and multimorbidity among middle-aged and elderly women in peri-urban Tanzania. J Multimorb Comorb. 2022;12:26335565221076254. doi: 10.1177/26335565221076254
- Kuan V, Denaxas S, Patalay P, et al. Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5(1):e16-27. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(22)00187-X
- Kohler S, Bärnighausen T, Kazonda P, et al. Chronic Conditions and Multimorbidity Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Peri-Urban Dwellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Public Health. 2024;69:1606387. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606387
- Han S, Li S, Yang Y, et al. Mapping multimorbidity progression among 190 diseases. Commun Med (Lond). 2024;4(1):139. doi: 10.1038/s43856-024-00563-2
- Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. World Health Organization, 2011. No. WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-MNM-11.1. Accessed: 20.02.2025.
- Roso-Llorach A, Vetrano DL, Trevisan C, et al. 12-year evolution of multimorbidity patterns among older adults based on Hidden Markov Models. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(24):9805-87. doi: 10.18632/aging.204395
- Marengoni A, Tazzeo C, Calderón-Larrañaga A, et al. Multimorbidity Patterns and 6-Year Risk of Institutionalization in Older Persons: The Role of Social Formal and Informal Care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(10):2184-9.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.040
- Akugizibwe R, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Roso-Llorach A, et al. Multimorbidity Patterns and Unplanned Hospitalisation in a Cohort of Older Adults. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):4001. doi: 10.3390/jcm9124001
- Воробьева Н.М., Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., и др. Российское эпидемиологическое исследование ЭВКАЛИПТ: протокол и базовые характеристики участников. Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2021;1(5):35-43 [Vorobyeva NM, Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, et al. Russian epidemiological study EVKALIPT: protocol and basic characteristics of participants. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2021;1(5):35-43 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.37586/2686-8636-1-2021-35-43
- Вёрткин А.Л. Коморбидность: история, современное представление, профилактика и лечение. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2015;14(2):74-9 [Vertkin AL. Comorbidity: history, recent views, prevention and treatment. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2015;14(2):74-9 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2015-2-74-79
- Garin N, Koyanagi A, Chatterji S, et al. Global Multimorbidity Patterns: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based, Multi-Country Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(2):205-14. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv128
- Ховасова Н.О., Воробьева Н.М., Наумов А.В., Ткачева О.Н. Влияние анемии на 5-летнюю выживаемость лиц старческого возраста и долгожителей. Лечебное дело. 2022;2:100-9 [Khovasova NO, Vorobieva NM, Naumov AV, Tkacheva ON. Effect of Anemia on 5-Year Survival Rates of Senile People and Centenarians. Lechebnoe delo. 2022;2:100-9 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.24412/2071-5315-2022-12812
- Girelli D, Marchi G, Camaschella C. Anemia in the Elderly. Hemasphere. 2018;2(3):e40. doi: 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000040
- Wouters HJCM, van der Klauw MM, de Witte T, et al. Association of anemia with health-related quality of life and survival: a large population-based cohort study. Haematologica. 2019;104(3):468-76. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2018.195552
- Clancy CC, Browne LD, Gilligan R, et al. Prevalence of anaemia, iron, and vitamin deficiencies in the health system in the Republic of Ireland: a retrospective cohort study. BJGP Open. 2023;8(2):BJGPO.2023.0126. doi: 10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0126
- Gandhi SJ, Hagans I, Nathan K, et al. Prevalence, Comorbidity and Investigation of Anemia in the Primary Care Office. J Clin Med Res. 2017;9(12):970-80. doi: 10.14740/jocmr3221w
- Chueh HW, Jung HL, Shim YJ, et al. High anemia prevalence in Korean older adults, an advent healthcare problem: 2007–2016 KNHANES. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):509. doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-01918-9
- Ховасова Н.О., Воробьева Н.М., Ткачева О.Н., и др. Распространенность анемии и ее ассоциации с другими гериатрическими синдромами у лиц старше 65 лет: данные российского эпидемиологического исследования ЭВКАЛИПТ. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(1):24-31 [Khovasova NO, Vorobyeva NM, Tkacheva ON, et al. The prevalence of anemia and its associations with other geriatric syndromes in subjects over 65 years old: data of Russian epidemiological study EVKALIPT. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(1):24-31 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2022.01.201316
- GBD 2021 Anaemia Collaborators. Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Haematol. 2023;10(9):e713-74. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(23)00160-6
- Sim YE, Abdullah HR. Implications of Anemia in the Elderly Undergoing Surgery. Clin Geriatr Med. 2019;35(3):391-405. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.04.001
- Valancy D, Blachman-Braun R, Kuchakulla M, et al. Association between low testosterone and anaemia: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Andrologia. 2021;53(11):e14210. doi: 10.1111/and.14210
- Lanas Á, Carrera-Lasfuentes P, Arguedas Y, et al. Risk of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(5):906-12.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.11.007
- Stein J, Connor S, Virgin G, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(35):7908-25. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7908
- Haile K, Yemane T, Tesfaye G, et al. Anemia and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection among adult dyspeptic patients attending Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammad Memorial Referral Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245168. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245168
- Ali MD. Proton Pump Inhibitors' Use and Risk of Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2023;18(2):158-66. doi: 10.2174/2772432817666220307121220
- Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Cancer Patients: Role of Iron Replacement Therapy – Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-illustration-of-the-main-mechanisms-contributing-to-anemia-and-iron-deficiency_fig1_328034856. Accessed: 20.02.2025.
- Gilreath JA, Rodgers GM. How I treat cancer-associated anemia. Blood. 2020;136(7):801-13. doi: 10.1182/blood.2019004017
- Cappellini MD, Comin-Colet J, de Francisco A, et al. Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: International expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(10):1068-78. doi: 10.1002/ajh.24820
- Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(4):1721-41. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2013
Supplementary files
