Pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in COVID-19 infection

Aim. Clinical characteristics of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in COVID-19 infection and assessment of the effectiveness of complex therapy for this syndrome at the stages of prevention and treatment of various complications.

Materials and methods. The study of publications was carried out through search engines on the Internet using keywords. To diagnose the infection, the COVID-19 program was used on the MeDiCase platform, which is publicly available on www.medicase.pro, which suggests a diagnosis with a sensitivity of 89.47%. The study included 85 patients with acute COVID-19 with mild to moderate disease, aged 11 to 81 years. The presence of the pathogen was confirmed immunologically in 12% of patients; in other cases, the diagnosis was based on the results of an automated survey in the MeDiCase system. All patients, according to the MGNOT recommendations, were prescribed one of the oral direct anticoagulants - Eliquis at a dose of 5 mg 2 times a day, Ksarelto at a dose of 10 mg 2 times a day or Pradax at a dose of 110 mg 2 times a day for at least 2 weeks. All other drugs with antiviral, immunomodulatory effects, antibiotics were canceled.

Results. The presence of DIC is substantiated by the morphological picture of changes in organs and tissues, clinical (hematoma-petechial type of bleeding in combination with thromboembolic syndrome and the presence of thrombovasculitis) and laboratory changes: an increase in the level of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes, D-dimer, hyperfibrinogenaemia, less often - thrombocytopenia, violation of fibrinolytic activity. The phenomenon of consumption of clotting factors and profuse bleeding are rare. Direct anticoagulants, fresh frozen plasma transfusions and plasmapheresis are used in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The paper presents its own positive results of early prescription at the outpatient stage of direct oral anticoagulants in prophylactic doses (no case of disease progression), individual cases of the use of fresh frozen plasma and plasapheresis.

Conclusion. DIC syndrome with the development of thrombovasculitis is the most important pathogenetic mechanism for the development of microthrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders in organs during infection with COVID-19, leading to dysfunction of the lungs, brain and other nerve tissues, kidneys, thromboembolic complications, etc. Many symptoms of the disease may be associated with a violation of the nervous regulation of the functions of organs and systems. Prevention of thrombovasculitis is effective already at the stage of the first manifestation of the disease with the outpatient use of direct anticoagulants (oral, low molecular weight heparins). In case of more severe manifestations (complications) of the disease, additional use of freshly frozen plasma and plasmapheresis is effective.