Risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A review

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common diseases of the digestive tract from the group of disorders of interaction in the gut-brain axis. IBS has a negative impact of on patients' quality of life and the significant social and economic burden of the disease due to the low effectiveness of available treatment strategies, which are only symptomatic, without impacting factors and mechanisms of intestinal dysfunction. From this perspective, it is critical to study the factors contributing to the onset and persistence of IBS symptoms to improve the early diagnosis of the disease and implement targeted prevention technology in at-risk groups. The objective of this paper is to systematize data on the main risk factors for IBS, including hereditary predisposition, stress and psycho-emotional state, diet and eating habits, and acute intestinal infections.

About the authors

Olga V. Gaus

Omsk State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: gaus_olga@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9370-4768

канд. мед. наук, доц., доц. каф. факультетской терапии и гастроэнтерологии

Russian Federation, Omsk

Maria A. Livzan

Omsk State Medical University

Email: gaus_olga@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6581-7017

чл.-кор. РАН, д-р мед. наук, проф., ректор, зав. каф. факультетской терапии и гастроэнтерологии

Russian Federation, Omsk

Darya A. Gavrilenko

Omsk State Medical University

Email: gaus_olga@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5245-7190

клин. ординатор каф. факультетской терапии и гастроэнтерологии

Russian Federation, Omsk

References

  1. Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Шелыгин Ю.А., и др. Диагностика и лечение синдрома раздраженного кишечника (Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации и Ассоциации колопроктологов России). Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2021;31(5):74-95 [Ivashkin VT, Maev IV, Shelygin YuA, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical Recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and Association of Coloproctologists of Russia. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2021;31(5):74-95 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2021-31-5-74-95
  2. Oka P, Parr H, Barberio B, et al. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(10):908-17. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30217-X
  3. Goodoory VC, Ng CE, Black CJ, Ford AC. Direct healthcare costs of Rome IV or Rome III-defined irritable bowel syndrome in the United Kingdom. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(1):110-20. doi: 10.1111/apt.16939
  4. Маев И.В., Охлобыстина О.З., Халиф И.Л., Андреев Д.Н. Синдром раздраженного кишечника в Российской Федерации – результаты многоцентрового наблюдательного исследования ROMERUS. Терапевтический архив. 2023;95(1):38-51 [Maev IV, Okhlobystina OZ, Khalif IL, Andreev DN. Irritable bowel syndrome in the Russian Federation: results of the ROMERUS multicenter observational study. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2023;95(1):38-51 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2023.01.202043
  5. Гаус О.В., Ливзан М.А. Фенотипы синдрома раздраженного кишечника и стратегии пациентоориентированной курации больного. Лечащий Врач. 2023;7-8(26):36-44 [Gaus OV, Livzan MA. Phenotypes of irritable bowel syndrome and strategies for patient-oriented curation of patient. Lechaschi Vrach. 2023;7-8(26):36-44 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.51793/OS.2023.26.8.006
  6. Saito YA, Petersen GM, Larson JJ, et al. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a family case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):833-41. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.116
  7. Waehrens R, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, et al. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome in first-degree, second-degree and third-degree relatives of affected individuals: a nationwide family study in Sweden. Gut. 2015;64(2):215-21. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305705
  8. Bengtson MB, Rønning T, Vatn MH, Harris JR. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: genes and environment. Gut. 2006;55(12):1754-9. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.097287
  9. Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, et al. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(6):1340-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41700.x
  10. Park JM, Choi MG, Park JA, et al. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18(11):995-1000. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00829.x
  11. Kumar S, Ranjan P, Mittal B, Ghoshal UC. Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphism in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2012;21(1):31-8.
  12. Гаус О.В., Ливзан М.А. Генетические факторы и течение синдрома раздраженного кишечника: ассоциации и взаимосвязи. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2023;7(5):237-48 [Gaus OV, Livzan MA. Genetic factors and the course of irritable bowel syndrome: associations and interactions. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(5):237-48 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-5-1
  13. Pata C, Erdal E, Yazc K, et al. Association of the -1438 G/A and 102 T/C polymorphism of the 5-Ht2A receptor gene with irritable bowel syndrome 5-Ht2A gene polymorphism in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(7):561-6. doi: 10.1097/00004836-200408000-00005
  14. Wang Y, Wu Z, Qiao H, Zhang Y. A genetic association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in GNβ3 and COMT in elderly patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1246-54. doi: 10.12659/MSM.890315
  15. Karling P, Danielsson Å, Wikgren M, et al. The relationship between the val158met catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e18035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018035
  16. Xiao QY, Fang XC, Li XQ, Fei GJ. Ethnic differences in genetic polymorphism associated with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(17):2049-63. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i17.2049
  17. Choi YJ, Hwang SW, Kim N, et al. Association Between SLC6A4 Serotonin Transporter Gene Lainked Polymorphic Region and ADRA2A -1291C>G and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Korea. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;20(3):388-99. doi: 10.5056/jnm14020
  18. Kim HJ, Camilleri M, Carlson PJ, et al. Association of distinct alpha(2) adrenoceptor and serotonin transporter polymorphisms with constipation and somatic symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut. 2004;53(6):829-37. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.030882
  19. Gazouli M, Wouters MM, Kapur-Pojskić L, et al. Lessons learned – resolving the enigma of genetic factors in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(2):77-87. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.206
  20. Van der Veek PP, van den Berg M, de Kroon YE, et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(11):2510-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00257.x
  21. Bashashati M, Rezaei N, Bashashati H, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(12):1102-e566. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01990.x
  22. Villani AC, Lemire M, Thabane M, et al. Genetic risk factors for post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome following a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(4):1502-13. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.049
  23. Bonfiglio F, Henström M, Nag A, et al. A GWAS meta-analysis from 5 population-based cohorts implicates ion channel genes in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;30(9):e13358. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13358
  24. Komuro H, Sato N, Sasaki A, et al. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 Gene Variants in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147817
  25. Garcia-Etxebarria K, Zheng T, Bonfiglio F, et al. Increased Prevalence of Rare Sucrase-isomaltase Pathogenic Variants in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(10):1673-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.01.047
  26. Verstraelen TE, Ter Bekke RM, Volders PG, et al. The role of the SCN5A-encoded channelopathy in irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(7):906-13. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12569
  27. Bonfiglio F, Zheng T, Garcia-Etxebarria K, et al. Female-Specific Association Between Variants on Chromosome 9 and Self-Reported Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(1):168-79. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.064
  28. Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Slaugenhaupt SA, Kaufmann H. Familial dysautonomia: History, genotype, phenotype and translational research. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;152:131-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.003
  29. Гаус О.В., Ливзан М.А. Влияние социодемографических факторов, пищевых привычек и психологического статуса на развитие синдрома раздраженного кишечника. Профилактическая медицина. 2022;25(11):84-91 [Gaus OV, Livzan MA. Social and demographic factors, eating habits, and psychological status in developing irritable bowel syndrome. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2022;25(11):84-91 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.17116/profmed20222511184
  30. Pellissier S, Bonaz B. The Place of Stress and Emotions in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Vitam Horm. 2017;103:327-54. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.09.005
  31. Weaver KR, Melkus GD, Fletcher J, Henderson WA. Perceived Stress, Its Physiological Correlates, and Quality of Life in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Biol Res Nurs. 2018;20(3):312-20. doi: 10.1177/1099800418756733
  32. Гаус О.В., Ливзан М.А. Пищевые привычки, уровень тревоги и депрессии у пациентов с синдромом раздраженного кишечника: клинико-лабораторные сопоставления. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2023;33(2):34-44 [Gaus OV, Livzan MA. Eating Habits, Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical and Laboratory Comparisons. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2023;33(2):34-44 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2023-33-2-34-44
  33. Dąbek-Drobny A, Mach T, Zwolińska-Wcisło M. Effect of selected personality traits and stress on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Folia Med Cracov. 2020;60(2):29-41. doi: 10.24425/fmc.2020.135011
  34. Ju T, Naliboff BD, Shih W, et al. Risk and Protective Factors Related to Early Adverse Life Events in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(1):63-9. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001153
  35. Park SH, Videlock EJ, Shih W, et al. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal symptom severity. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(8):1252-60. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12826
  36. Rahal H, Videlock EJ, Icenhour A, et al. Importance of trauma-related fear in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and early adverse life events. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(9):e13896. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13896
  37. Zamani M, Alizadeh-Tabari S, Zamani V. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(2):132-43. doi: 10.1111/apt.15325
  38. Koloski NA, Jones M, Kalantar J, et al. The brain – gut pathway in functional gastrointestinal disorders is bidirectional: a 12-year prospective population-based study. Gut. 2012;61(9):1284-90. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300474
  39. Margolis KG, Cryan JF, Mayer EA. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1486-501. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.066
  40. Dinan TG, Quigley EM, Ahmed SM, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome: plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker? Gastroenterology. 2006;130(2):304-11. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.033
  41. Tanaka Y, Kanazawa M, Kano M, et al. Differential Activation in Amygdala and Plasma Noradrenaline during Colorectal Distention by Administration of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone between Healthy Individuals and Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0157347. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157347
  42. Simpson CA, Mu A, Haslam N, et al. Feeling down? A systematic review of the gut microbiota in anxiety/depression and irritable bowel syndrome. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:429-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.124
  43. Pinto-Sanchez MI, Hall GB, Ghajar K, et al. Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 Reduces Depression Scores and Alters Brain Activity: A Pilot Study in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):448-59.e8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.003
  44. Zhou GQ, Huang MJ, Yu X, et al. Early life adverse exposures in irritable bowel syndrome: new insights and opportunities. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1241801. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1241801
  45. Winston JH, Li Q, Sarna SK. Chronic prenatal stress epigenetically modifies spinal cord BDNF expression to induce sex-specific visceral hypersensitivity in offspring. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(5):715-30. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12326
  46. Xu X, Li YC, Wu YY, et al. Upregulation of spinal ASIC1 by miR-485 mediates enterodynia in adult offspring rats with prenatal maternal stress. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27(2):244-55. doi: 10.1111/cns.13542
  47. Galley JD, Mashburn-Warren L, Blalock LC, et al. Maternal anxiety, depression and stress affects offspring gut microbiome diversity and bifidobacterial abundances. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;107:253-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.005
  48. Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome – etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(5):667-72. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602367
  49. Eswaran SL, Chey WD, Han-Markey T, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Low FODMAP Diet vs. Modified NICE Guidelines in US Adults with IBS-D. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(12):1824-32. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.434
  50. Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, et al. Western Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the French NutriNet Cohort. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):986. doi: 10.3390/nu9090986
  51. Guo YB, Zhuang KM, Kuang L, et al. Association between Diet and Lifestyle Habits and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Gut Liver. 2015;9(5):649-56. doi: 10.5009/gnl13437
  52. Eswaran S. Low FODMAP in 2017: Lessons learned from clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;29(4). doi: 10.1111/nmo.13055
  53. Hill P, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Controversies and Recent Developments of the Low-FODMAP Diet. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2017;13(1):36-45.
  54. Catassi C, Alaedini A, Bojarski C, et al. The Overlapping Area of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) and Wheat-Sensitive Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): An Update. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1268. doi: 10.3390/nu9111268
  55. Aziz I, Lewis NR, Hadjivassiliou M, et al. A UK study assessing the population prevalence of self-reported gluten sensitivity and referral characteristics to secondary care. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26(1):33-9. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000435546.87251.f7
  56. Dionne J, Ford AC, Yuan Y, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating the Efficacy of a Gluten-Free Diet and a Low FODMAPs Diet in Treating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(9):1290-300. doi: 10.1038/s41395-018-0195-4
  57. Vasant DH, Paine PA, Black CJ, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2021;70(7):1214-40. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324598
  58. Bolte LA, Vich Vila A, Imhann F, et al. Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome. Gut. 2021;70(7):1287-98. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322670
  59. Гаус О.В., Ливзан М.А. Модуляция микробиоты кишечника как ведущий фактор патогенеза формирования фенотипов синдрома раздраженного кишечника. РМЖ. 2023;5:12-9 [Gaus OV, Livzan MA. Gut microbiota modulation as a leading factor in the pathogenesis of the IBS phenotypes. RMJ. 2023;5:12-9 (in Russian)].
  60. Riva A, Borgo F, Lassandro C, et al. Pediatric obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota and discordant shifts in Firmicutes populations. Environ Microbiol. 2017;19(1):95-105. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13463
  61. Zhuang P, Shou Q, Lu Y, et al. Arachidonic acid sex-dependently affects obesity through linking gut microbiota-driven inflammation to hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863(11):2715-26. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.003
  62. Berding K, Vlckova K, Marx W, et al. Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(4):1239-85. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa181
  63. Sandoval DA, D'Alessio DA. Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95(2):513-48. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2014
  64. Chen Y, Li Z, Yang Y, et al. Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental irritable bowel syndrome rat models. Int J Mol Med. 2013;31(3):607-13. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1252
  65. Kelstrup L, Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, et al. Incretin and glucagon levels in adult offspring exposed to maternal diabetes in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(5):1967-75. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3978
  66. Barbara G, Grover M, Bercik P, et al. Rome Foundation Working Team Report on Post-Infection Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):46-58.e7. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.011
  67. Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ. 1997;314(7083):779-82. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7083.779
  68. Klem F, Wadhwa A, Prokop LJ, et al. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome After Infectious Enteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):1042-54.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.039
  69. Youn YH, Kim HC, Lim HC, et al. Long-term Clinical Course of Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome After Shigellosis: A 10-year Follow-up Study. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(3):490-6. doi: 10.5056/jnm15157
  70. Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta-analysis: The incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(4):535-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03399.x
  71. Wadhwa A, Al Nahhas MF, Dierkhising RA, et al. High risk of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(6):576-82. doi: 10.1111/apt.13737
  72. Ghoshal UC, Rahman MM. Post-infection irritable bowel syndrome in the tropical and subtropical regions: Vibrio cholerae is a new cause of this well-known condition. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2019;38(2):87-94. doi: 10.1007/s12664-019-00959-2
  73. Zanini B, Ricci C, Bandera F, et al. Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(6):891-9. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.102
  74. Hanevik K, Wensaas KA, Rortveit G, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(10):1394-400. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu629
  75. Jalanka J, Salonen A, Fuentes S, de Vos WM. Microbial signatures in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome – toward patient stratification for improved diagnostics and treatment. Gut Microbes. 2015;6(6):364-9. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1096486
  76. Card T, Enck P, Barbara G, et al. Post-infectious IBS: Defining its clinical features and prognosis using an internet-based survey. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(8):1245-53. doi: 10.1177/2050640618779923
  77. GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(9):909-48. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30276-1
  78. Marasco G, Cremon C, Barbaro MR, et al.; GI-COVID19 study group. Post COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2022:gutjnl-2022-328483. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328483
  79. Marasco G, Maida M, Cremon C, et al. Meta-analysis: Post-COVID-19 functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;58(1):6-15. doi: 10.1111/apt.17513
  80. Hou X, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. Quality of life in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), assessed using the IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) measure after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment with mebeverine hydrochloride or pinaverium bromide: results of an international prospective observational cohort study in Poland, Egypt, Mexico and China. Clin Drug Investig. 2014;34(11):783-93. doi: 10.1007/s40261-014-0233-y
  81. Раменская Г.В., Шохин И.Е., Симаненков В.И., Тихонов С.В. Клинико-фармакологические и фармацевтические аспекты применения пролонгированных форм мебеверина гидрохлорида. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2018;(9):134-42 [Ramenskaya GV, Shokhin IE, Simanenkov VI, Tihonov SV. Prolonged-release dosage forms of mebeverine hydrochloride: clinical pharmacological and pharmaceutical aspects. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2018;(9):134-42 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-157-9-134-141
  82. Bertz RJ, Granneman GR. Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;32(3):210-58. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199732030-00004
  83. Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(1):103-41. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007

Copyright (c) 2024 Consilium Medicum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
 
 


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies