Liver disease during the pandemic of COVID-19 infection: prediction of the course and tactics of management: A review
- Authors: Maev I.V.1, Osadchuk M.A.2
-
Affiliations:
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
- Issue: Vol 94, No 11 (2022)
- Pages: 1326-1332
- Section: Reviews
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0040-3660/article/view/232347
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.11.201934
- ID: 232347
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
The hepatic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection are now recognized as an important component of CoronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This aspect is most clinically relevant in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CKD), who are at extremely high risk of severe COVID-19 and death. Risk factors for severe CKD, especially in people with liver cirrhosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are the direct and indirect cytotoxic effects of coronavirus against the background of systemic inflammation, blood clotting disorders and immune dysfunction. The severe negative impact of the pandemic in the presence of CKD and the difficulties of patient relationships contribute to the progressive increase in the global burden of liver disease on the health system.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Igor V. Maev
Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
Email: osadchuk.mikhail@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6114-564X
акад. РАН, д-р мед. наук, проф., проректор по учебной работе
Russian Federation, MoscowMikhail A. Osadchuk
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Author for correspondence.
Email: osadchuk.mikhail@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0485-6802
д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. поликлинической терапии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского
Russian Federation, MoscowReferences
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed: 28.09.2020.
- Marasco G, Lenti MV, Cremon C, et al. Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection for neurogastroenterology. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33(3):e14104. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14104
- Albillos A, Lario M, Álvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance. J Hepatol. 2014;61(6):1385-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.010
- Маев И.В., Осадчук М.М., Осадчук М.А., Миронова Е.Д. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени и сахарный диабет в контексте «диабетической болезни печени»: возможности ассоциированной терапии. Медицинский вестник Северного Кавказа. 2020;15(4):586-93 [Maev IV, Osadchuk MM, Osadchuk MA, Mironova ED. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes in the context of diabetic liver disease: possibilities of associated therapy. Medical News of North Caucasus. 2020;15(4):586-93 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.14300/mnnc.2020.15141
- Wang Y, Liu S, Liu H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19. J Hepatol. 2020;73(4):807-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.002
- Francque SM, Marchesini G, Kautz A, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Rep. 2021;3(5):100322. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100322
- Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457-60. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5
- Loganathan S, Kuppusamy M, Wankhar W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): COVID 19 gate way to multiple organ failure syndromes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2021;283:103548. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103548
- Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, et al. The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2020;15(3):359-86. doi: 10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5
- Castelli V, Cimini A, Ferri C. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: “When You Come Out of the Storm, You Won’t Be the Same Person Who Walked in.” Front Immunol. 2020;11:2132. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02132
- Tian D, Ye Q. Hepatic complications of COVID-19 and its treatment. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1818-24. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26036
- Li Y, Xiao SY. Hepatic involvement in COVID-19 patients: Pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical implications. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1491-4. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25973
- Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, et al. Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2327-36. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007016
- Chen C, Zhang Y, Huang J, et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:683296. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432
- Резник Е.В., Юдин Д.В., Гудилова Ю.Ю., и др. Лекарственное поражение печени иммуномодулирующим препаратом растительного происхождения. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(8):932-5 [Reznik EV, Yudin DV, Gudilova YuYu, et al. A medicinal liver injury with an immunomodulatory drug of natural origin. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2021;93(8):932-5 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2021.08.200975
- Li J, Fan JG. Characteristics and Mechanism of Liver Injury in 2019 Coronavirus Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(1):13-7. doi: 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00019
- Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-2. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
- Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1569-78. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
- Ji D, Qin E, Xu J, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. J Hepatol. 2020;73(2):451-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.044
- Faruqui S, Okoli FC, Olsen SK, et al. Cholangiopathy After Severe COVID-19: Clinical Features and Prognostic Implications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(7):1414-25. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001264
- Zhang Y, Zheng L, Liu L, et al. Liver impairment in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis of 115 cases from a single centre in Wuhan city, China. Liver Int. 2020;40(9):2095-103. doi: 10.1111/liv.14455
- Effenberger M, Grander C, Fritsche G, et al. Liver stiffness by transient elastography accompanies illness severity in COVID-19. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2020;7(1):e000445. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000445
- Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
- Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):428-30. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1
- YueHua H, ZhiLiang G. Study of the relationship SARS and hepatitis virus B. J Clin Hepatol. 2003;19(6):342-3. Available at: http://www.lcgdbzz.org/en/article/id/LCGD200306010. Accessed: 24.01.2022.
- Chai X, Hu L, Zhang Y, et al. Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes May Cause Liver Damage After 2019-nCoV Infectio. bioRxiV. Published online 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.03.931766
- Lippi G, de Oliveira MHS, Henry BM. Chronic liver disease is not associated with severity or mortality in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(1):114-5. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001742
- Huang W, Li C, Wang Z, et al. Decreased serum albumin level indicates poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients: hepatic injury analysis from 2,623 hospitalized cases. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(11):1678-87. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4
- Targher G, Mantovani A, Byrne CD, et al. Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores. Gut. 2020;69(8):1545-7. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321611
- Буеверов А.О., Богомолов П.О. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени без ожирения: проблема, ожидающая решения. Терапевтический архив. 2017;89(12):226-32 [Bueverov AO, Bogomolov PO. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without obesity: the problem to be solved. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2017;89(12):226-32 (in Russian)]. doi: 10.17116/terarkh20178912226-232
- Iavarone M, D’Ambrosio R, Soria A, et al. High rates of 30-day mortality in patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19. J Hepatol. 2020;73(5):1063-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.001
- Bajaj JS, Garcia-Tsao G, Biggins SW, et al. Comparison of mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis and COVID-19 compared with patients with cirrhosis alone and COVID-19 alone: multicentre matched cohort. Gut. 2021;70(3):531-6. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322118
- Marjot T, Moon AM, Cook JA, et al. Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease: An international registry study. J Hepatol. 2021;74(3):567-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.024
- Wu D, Yang XO. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: An emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):368-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.005
- Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(1):26-37. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.039
- Polak WG, Fondevila C, Karam V, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on liver transplantation in Europe: alert from an early survey of European Liver and Intestine Transplantation Association and European Liver Transplant Registry. Transpl Int. 2020;33(10):1244-52. doi: 10.1111/tri.13680
- Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, et al. Case Fatality Rate of Cancer Patients with COVID-19 in a New York Hospital System. Cancer Discov. 2020;10(7):935-41. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0516
- Fix OK, Hameed B, Fontana RJ, et al. Clinical Best Practice Advice for Hepatology and Liver Transplant Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: AASLD Expert Panel Consensus Statement. Hepatology. 2020;72(1):287-304. doi: 10.1002/hep.31281
- Ekpanyapong S, Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. COVID-19 and the Liver: Lessons Learnt from the EAST and the WEST, A Year Later. J Viral Hepat. 2022;29(1):4-20. doi: 10.1111/jvh.13590
- Boettler T, Marjot T, Newsome PN, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(5):100169. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100169
- Boettler T, Newsome PN, Mondelli MU, et al. Care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: EASL-ESCMID position paper. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(3):100113. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100113
- APASL Covid-19 Task Force, Lau G, Sharma M. Clinical practice guidance for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: APASL expert panel consensus recommendations. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(4):415-28. doi: 10.1007/s12072-020-10054-w
- Major Updates to COVID-19 Clinical Insights Document. Available at: https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/COVID19-ClinicalInsightsUpdates-4162020.pdf. Accessed: 16.04.2020.
- Bangash MN, Patel J, Parekh D. COVID-19 and the liver: little cause for concern. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(6):529-30. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30084-4
- Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA, et al. Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(570):eabd3876. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3876
- Mao R, Liang J, Shen J, et al. Implications of COVID-19 for patients with pre-existing digestive diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):425-7. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30076-5
- An YW, Song S, Li WX, et al. Liver function recovery of COVID-19 patients after discharge, a follow-up study. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(1):176-86. doi: 10.7150/ijms.50691
- Pawlotsky JM. COVID-19 and the liver-related deaths to come. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(9):523-5. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-0328-2
- Da BL, Im GY, Schiano TD. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hangover: A Rising Tide of Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Hepatology. 2020;72(3):1102-8. doi: 10.1002/hep.31307
- Cai Q, Huang D, Yu H, et al. COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests. J Hepatol. 2020;73(3):566-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006
- Cichoż-Lach H, Michalak A. Liver injury in the era of COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(5):377-90. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.377
- Lembach H, Hann A, McKay SC, et al. Resuming liver transplantation amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(8):725-6. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30187-4
![](/img/style/loading.gif)