Evaluation of Direction and Mechanisms of Biochar Application Effect on Substrate-Induced Soil Respiration in a Long-Term Laboratory Experiment
- Autores: Smirnova E.1, Genyatullin K.1, Okunev P.1, Valeeva A.1, Ryazanov S.2
-
Afiliações:
- Kazan Federal University
- Institute of Problems in the Republic of Tatarstan
- Edição: Nº 9 (2023)
- Páginas: 1190-1202
- Seção: ОРГАНИЧЕСКОЕ ВЕЩЕСТВО И МИКРОБНАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ПОЧВ
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0032-180X/article/view/138200
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0032180X23600312
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DVUMZO
- ID: 138200
Citar
Resumo
In a laboratory experiment, the effect of biochar (BC) on substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of soils was studied. In the experiment, 10 samples of BC obtained from woody and herbaceous materials in two modes of pyrolysis were used. The SIR intensity was determined after 3 days, 3 and 6 months of incubation. During short-term incubation, no effect of BC on SIR was observed. The exception was the corn-based BU application, which saw a 34.6% increase in SIR. Аfter incubation for 3 months, a significant increase in SIR was found (from 30.4 to 54.8%) for five BCs were added. When incubated for 6 months, a significant increase in SID (from 30.4 to 65.9%) was observed when eight BCs were applied. Lasso regression and 23 measures of BC properties were used as potential predictors to evaluate BC properties that affect SIR. It was found that during a three-day incubation, the following properties of BС have a positive effect on SIR: the content of oxidizable organic matter (OM), exchangeable calcium, and pH of the aqueous suspension, and a weak negative effect on the content of exchangeable sodium. When incubated for 3 months there is a positive effect of oxidized OM, and after 6 months – ash content. Since only a positive statistically significant effect of BC on SIR was observed in the experiments, the authors conclude that in order to objectively assess the effectiveness of their use for CO2 sequestration in soils, balance calculations are necessary, in which, along with the amount of stable carbon introduced into soils with BC, a potential increase in CO2 emissions from soils due to the activation of soil saprophytic microbiota.
Sobre autores
E. Smirnova
Kazan Federal University
Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: tutinkaz@yandex.ru
Russia, 420008, Kazan
K. Genyatullin
Kazan Federal University
Email: tutinkaz@yandex.ru
Russia, 420008, Kazan
P. Okunev
Kazan Federal University
Email: tutinkaz@yandex.ru
Russia, 420008, Kazan
A. Valeeva
Kazan Federal University
Email: tutinkaz@yandex.ru
Russia, 420008, Kazan
S. Ryazanov
Institute of Problems in the Republic of Tatarstan
Email: tutinkaz@yandex.ru
Russia, 420087, Kazan
Bibliografia
- Ананьева Н.Д., Благодатская Е.В., Орлинский Д.Б., Мякшина Т.Н. Методические аспекты определения скорости субстрат-индуцированного дыхания почвенных микроорганизмов // Почвоведение. 1993. № 11. С. 72–77.
- Ананьева Н.Д., Сусьян Е.А., Гавриленко Е.Г. Особенности определения углерода микробной биомассы почвы методом субстрат индуцированного дыхания // Почвоведение. 2011. № 11. С. 1327–1333.
- Журавлева А.И., Якимов А.С., Демкин В.А., Благодатская Е.В. Минерализация почвенного органического вещества, инициированная внесением доступного субстрата, в профиле современных и погребенных подзолистых почв // Почвоведение. 2012. № 4. С. 490–499.
- Когут Б.М., Семенов В.М., Артемьева З.С., Данченко Н.Н. Дегумусирование и почвенная секвестрация углерода // Агрохимия. 2021. № 5. С. 3–13. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0002188121050070
- Красильников П.В. Устойчивые соединения углерода в почвах: происхождение и функции // Почвоведение. 2015. № 9. С. 1131–114. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229315090069
- Кудеяров В.Н. Эмиссия закиси азота из почв в условиях применения удобрений (аналитический обзор) // Почвоведение. 2020. № 10. С. 1192–1205. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229320100105
- Кудеяров В.Н. Почвенно-биогеохимические аспекты состояния земледелия в Российской Федерации // Почвоведение. 2019. № 1. С. 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229319010095
- Кудеяров В.Н. Современное состояние углеродного баланса и предельная способность почв к поглощению углерода на территории России // Почвоведение. 2015. № 9. С. 1049–1060. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229315090070
- Рижия Е.Я., Бучкина Н.П., Мухина И.М., Белинец А.С., Балашов Е.В. Влияние биоугля на свойства образцов дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почвы с разной степенью окультуренности (лабораторный эксперимент) // Почвоведение. 2015. № 2. С. 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229314120084
- Смирнова Е.В., Гиниятуллин К.Г., Валеева А.А., Ваганова Е.С. Пироугли как перспективные почвенные мелиоранты: оценка содержания и спектральные свойства их липидных фракций // Ученые записки Казанского университета. Сер. Естественные науки. 2018. № 160. С. 259–275.
- Шульц Е., Деллер Б., Хофман Г. Методы исследования органического вещества почв. М.: Россельхозакадемия, 2005. 521 с.
- Alburquerque J.A., Calero J.M., Barron V., Torrent J., Campillo M.C., Gallardo A., Villar R. Effects of biochars produced from different feedstocks on soil properties and sunflower growths // J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2014. V. 177. P. 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200652
- Anderson I.F.E., Domsch K.M. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils // Soil Biol. Biochem. 1978. V. 10. № 3. P. 215–221.
- Batjes N.H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world // Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2014. V. 65. P. 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/EJSS.12114_2
- Batjes N.H., Bridges E.M. Potential emissions of radiatively active gases from soil to atmosphere with special reference to methane: Development of a global database (WISE) // J. Geophys. Res. 1994. V. 99. P. 16479–16489. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03278
- Blagodatskaya E., Kuzyakov Y. Mechanisms of real and apparent priming effects and their dependence on soil microbial biomass and community structure: critical review // Biol. Fertil. Soils. 2008. V. 45. P. 115–131.
- Blagodatskaya E., Kuzyakov Y. Active microorganisms in soil: Critical review of estimation criteria and approaches // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013. V. 67. P. 192–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.024
- Brodowski S., Amelung W., Haumaiera L., Abetz C., Zech W. Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy // Geoderma. 2005. V. 128. P. 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.019
- Case S.D.C., McNamara N.P., Reay D.S., Whitaker J. Can biochar reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions from a miscanthus bioenergy crop? // GCB Bioenergy. 2014. V. 6. P. 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.1205
- Chambers A., Lal R., Paustian R. Soil carbon sequestration potential of US croplands and grasslands: implementing the 4 per thousand initiative // J. Soil Water Conserv. 2016. V. 71. P. 68–74. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.3.68A
- Chan K.Y., Bowman A., Oates A. Oxidizable organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic paleustalf under different pature leys // Soil Sci. 2001. V. 166. P. 61–67.
- Chatterjee R., Sajjadi B., Chen W.-Y., Mattern D.L., Hammer N., Raman V., Dorris A. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Physico Chemical Properties and Acoustic-Based Amination of Biochar for Efficient CO2 Adsorption // Front. Energy Res. 2020. V. 8. P. 85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00085
- Cheng C.-H., Lehmann J., Thies J.E., Burton S.D., Engelhard M.H. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes // Org. Geochem. 2006. V. 37. P. 1477–1488.
- Cross A., Sohi S.P. The priming potential of biochar products in relation to labile carbon contents and soil organic matter status // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011. V. 43. P. 2127–2134.
- Crow S.E., Lajtha K., Bowden R.D., Yano Y., Brant J.B., Caldwell B.A., Sulzman E.W. Increased coniferous needle inputs accelerate decomposition of soil carbon in an old-growth forest // Forest Ecol. Managem. 2009. V. 258. P. 2224–2232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.014
- Ding F., Van Zwieten L., Zhang W., Weng Z., Shi S., Wang J., Meng J. A meta-analysis and critical evaluation of influencing factors on soil carbon priming following biochar amendment // J. Soils Sediments. 2018. V. 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1899-6
- Ding Y., Liu Y., Liu S. Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review // Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2016. V. 36. P. 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0372-z
- Fang Y., Singh B.P., Singh B. Temperature sensitivity of biochar and native carbon mineralization in biochar-amended soils // Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2014. V. 191. P. 158–167.
- Gaskin J.W., Steiner C., Harris K., Das K.C., Bibens B. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use // Am. Soc. Agricult. Biol. Eng. 2008. V. 51. P. 2061–2069.
- Giniyatullin K.G., Smirnova E.V., Grigoryan B.R., Valeeva A.A. The Possibility of Use Research Methods of Soil Organic Matter for Assess the Biochar Properties // Res. J. Pharmaceutical, Biol. Chem. Sci. 2015. V. 6(4). P. 194–201.
- Glaser B., Lehmann J., Zech W. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review // Biol. Fertil. Soils. 2002. V. 35. 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4
- Gross A., Bromm T., Glaser B. Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration after Biochar Application: A Global Meta-Analysis // Agronomy. 2021. V. 11. P. 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122474
- Haumaier L., Zech W. Black carbon–possible source of highly aromatic components of soil humic acids // Org. Geochem. 1995. V. 23. P. 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(95)00003-W
- IPCC. Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Special report: climatechange and land. 2019.
- Islam S., Ang B.C., Gharehkhani S., Afifi A.B.M. Adsorption capability of activated carbon synthesized from coconut shell // Carbon. 2016. V. 20. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5714/cl.2016.20.001
- James G., Witten D., Hastie T., Tibshirani R. An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R. N.Y.: Springer, 2013. 440 p.
- Jiang P., Xiao L.Q., Wan X. Research Progress on Microbial Carbon Sequestration in Soil: a Review. // Eurasian Soil Sc. 2022. V. 55. P. 1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229322100064
- Jien S.H., Wang C.C., Lee C.H., Lee T.Y. Stabilization of organic matter by biochar application in compost-amended soils with contrasting pH values and textures (Switzerland) // Sustainability. 2015. V. 7. P. 13317–13333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71013317
- Jones D.L., Murphy D.V., Khalid M., Ahmad W., Edwards-Jones G., DeLuca T.H. Short-term biochar-induced increase in soil CO2 release is both biotically and abiotically mediated // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011. V. 43. P. 1723–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.018
- Kapoor A., Sharma R., Kumar A., Sepehya S. Biochar as a means to improve soil fertility and crop productivity: a review // J. Plant Nutrition. 2022. V. 45(15). P. 2380–2388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2027980
- Keith A., Singh B., Singh B.P. Interactive priming of biochar and labile organic matter mineralization in a smectite-rich soil // Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011. V. 45. P. 9611–9618.
- Kloss S., Zehetner F., Wimmer B., Buecker J., Rempt F., Soja G. Biochar application to temperate soils: Effects on soil fertility and crop growth under greenhouse conditions // J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2014. V. 177. P. 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200282
- Kononova M.M., Bel’cikova N.P. Speed up methods for humus determination // Pochvovedenie. 1961. V. 25. P. 125–129.
- Kopittke P.M., Menzies N.W., Wang P., McKenna B.A., Lombi E. Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security // Environ. Int. 2019. V. 1132. P. 105078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078
- Kurt A.S. Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials // GCB Bioenergy. 2013. V. 5. P. 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12005
- Kuzyakov Y., Subbotina I., Chen H., Bogomolova I., Xu X. Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2009. V. 41. P. 210–219.
- Laird D.A., Chappell V.A., Martens D.A., Wershaw R.L., Thompson M. Distinguishing black carbon from biogenic humic substances in soil clay fractions // Geoderma. 2008. V. 143. P. 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.025
- Lal R. Beyond COP 21: potential and challenges of the “4 per Thousand” initiative // J. Soil Water Conserv. 2016. V. 71. P. 68A–74A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc71.1.20A
- Lal R. Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research // Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2009. V. 60. P. 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01114.x
- Lee J.M., Park D.G., Kang S.S., Choi E.J., Gwon H.S., Lee H.S., Lee S.I. Short-Term Effect of Biochar on Soil Organic Carbon Improvement and Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduction According to Different Soil Characteristics in Agricultural Land: A Laboratory Experiment // Agronomy. 2022. V. 12. P. 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390
- Lehmann J., Gaunt J., Rondon M. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems – a review // Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2006. V. 11. P. 403–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5
- Lehmann J., Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management science technology and implementation. N.Y.: Routledge, 2015.
- Lehmann J., Rillig M.C., Thies J., Masiello C.A., Hockaday W.C., Crowley D. Biochar Effects on Soil Biota-A Review // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011. V. 43. P. 1812–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022
- Liang B., Lehmann J., Sohi S.P., Thies J.E., O’Neill B., Trujillo L., Gaunt J., Solomon D., Grossman J., Neves E.G., Luizão F.J. Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil // Org. Geochem. 2010. V. 41. P. 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007
- Liu X.H., Zhang X.C. Effect of biochar on pH of alkaline soils in the loess plateau: results from incubation experiments // Int. J. Agricult. Biol. 2012. V. 14. P. 745–750.
- Liu Z., McNamara P., Zitomer D. Autocatalytic Pyrolysis of Wastewater Biosolids for Product Upgrading // Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017. V. 51. P. 9808–9816. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02913
- Lu W., Zhang H. Response of biochar induced carbon mineralization priming effects to additional nitrogen in a sandy loam soil // Appl. Soil Ecol. 2015. V. 96. P. 165–171. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-585-2014
- Luo Y., Durenkamp M., De Nobili M., Lin Q., Brookes P.C. Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011. V. 43. P. 2304–2314.
- Luo Y., Durenkamp M., De Nobili M., Lin Q., Devonshire B.J., Brookes P.C. Microbial biomass growth, following incorporation of biochars produced at 350°C or 700°C, in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low pH // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013. V. 57. P. 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.033
- Luo Y., Lin Q., Durenkamp M. Does repeated biochar incorporation induce further soil priming effect? // J. Soils Sediments. 2018. V. 18. P. 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1705-5
- Macdonald L.M., Farrell M., Zwieten L.V. et al. Plant growth responses to biochar addition: an Australian soils perspective // Biol. Fertil. Soils. 2014. V. 50. P. 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0921-z
- Maestrini B., Nannipieri P., Abiven S. A meta-analysis on pyrogenic organic matter induced priming effect // Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy. 2015. V. 7. P. 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12194
- Maestrini B., Herrmann A.M., Nannipieri P., Schmidt M.W.I., Abiven S. Ryegrass-derived pyrogenic organic matter changes organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a temperate forest soil // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2014. V. 69. P. 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.013
- Major J., Lehmann J., Rondon M., Goodale C. Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration // Global Change Biology. 2010. V. 16. P. 1366–1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02044.x
- Majumder S., Neogi S., Dutta T., Powel M.A., Banik P. The impact of biochar on soil carbon sequestration: Meta-analytical approach to evaluating environmental and economic advantages // J. Environ. Manage. 2019. V. 15. P. 109466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109466
- Marquardt D., Snee R. Ridge Regression in Practice // Am. Statistician. 1975. V. 29. P. 3–20.
- Minasny B., Malone B.P., Mcbratney A.B., Angers D.A., Arrouays D. Soil carbon 4 per mille // Geoderma. 2017. V. 292. P. 59–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002
- Naisse C., Girardin C., Davasse B., Chabbi A., Rumpel C. Effect of biochar addition on C mineralisation and soil organic matter priming in two subsoil horizons // J. Soils Sediments. 2014. V. 15. P. 825–832.
- Nam W.L., Phang X.Y., Su M.H., Liew R.K., Ma N.L., Rosli M.H.N.B., Lam S.S. Production of bio-fertilizer from microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell for cultivation of Oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus // Sci. Total Environ. 2018. V. 624. P. 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20172200122
- Nguyen B., Lehmann J., Hockaday W.C., Joseph S., Masiello C.A. Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation // Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010. V. 44. P. 3324–3331.
- Padarian J., Minasny B., McBratney A., Smith P. Soil carbon sequestration potential in global croplands // PeerJ. 2022. V. 10. P. 13740. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13740
- Pansu M., Gautheyrou J. Handbook of soil analysis. Mineralogical, organic and inorganic methods. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. 993 p.
- Piccolo A., Spaccini R., Cozzolino V., Nuzzo A., Droso M., Zavattaro L., Grignani C., Puglisi E., Trevisan M. Effective carbon sequestration in italian agricultural soils by in situ polymerization of soil organic matter under biomimetic photo-catalysis // Land Degradation end Development. 2018. V. 29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2877
- Preston C.M., Schmidt M.W.I. Black pyrogenic. carbon in boreal forests: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties // Biogeosciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 2006. V. 3. P. 211–271.
- Sanderman J., Hengl T., Fiske G. Soil carbon debt of 12 000 years of human land use // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017. V. 114. P. 201706103. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114
- Schmidt M., Noack A. Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges // Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 2000. V. 14. 777–793.
- Shahnazarova V.Yu., Orlova N.E., Orlova E.E. et al. Influence of biochar on the taxonomic composition and structure of prokaryotic communities in agrosoddy-podzolic soil // Agricultural Biology. 2020. V. 55. P. 163–173. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2020.1.163rus
- Skjemstad J.O., Reicosky D.C., Wilts A.R., McGowan J.A. Charcoal Carbon in U.S. Agricultural Soils // Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2002. V. 66. P. 1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1249
- Smith P., Soussana J.F., Angers D., Schipper L., Chenu C. How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal // Global Change Biol. 2020. V. 26. P. 219–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14815
- Sohi S., Krull E., Lopez-Capel E., Bol R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil // Advances in Agronomy. 2010. V. 105. P. 47–82. https://doi.org/ 10.05002-9https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113
- Spaccini R., Piccolo A., Conte P., Haberhauer G., Gerzabek M.H. Increased soil organic carbon sequestration through hydrophobic protection by humic substances // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2002. V. 34. P. 1839–1851. https://doi.org/ 02.00197-9https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717
- Sun X., Shan R., Li X., Pan J., Liu X., Deng R., Song J. Characterization of 60 types of Chinese biomass waste and resultant biochars in terms of their candidacy for soil application // GCB Bioenergy. 2017. V. 9. P. 1423–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12435
- Sun T., Feng W., Shi L. et al. Microbial growth rates, carbon use efficiency and enzyme activities during post-agricultural soil restoration // Catena. 2022. V. 214. P. 106226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106226
- Tang Y., Gao W., Cai K., Chen Y., Li C., Lee X., Cheng H., Zhang Q., Cheng J. Effects of biochar amendment on soil carbon dioxide emission and carbon budget in the karst region of southwest China // Geoderma. 2021. V. 385. P. 114895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114895
- Thiessen S., Gleixner G., Wutzler T., Reichstein M. Both priming and temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition depend on microbial biomass–an incubation study // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2013. V. 57. P. 739–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.029
- Tibshirani R. Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso // J. Royal Statistical Society. Series B Methodological. 1996. V. 58(1). P. 267–288.
- Tran H.N., You S.J., Chao H.P. Effect of pyrolysis temperatures and times on the adsorption of cadmium onto orange peel derived biochar // Waste Management and Research. 2015. V. 34. P. 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15615698
- USDA-NRCS. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations. 1996. Report No. 42, Version 3.0. P. 693.
- Valeeva A.A., Grigoryan B.R., Bayan M.R., Giniyatullin K.G., Vandyukov A.E., Evtygin V.G. Adsorption of Methylene Blue by Biochar Produced Through Torrefaction and Slow Pyrolysis from Switchgrass // Res. J. Pharmaceutical, Biol. Chem. Sci. 2015. V. 6(4). P. 8–17.
- Van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Morris S. et al. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility // Plant and Soil. 2009. V. 327. P. 235–246.
- Wang J., Xiong Z., Kuzyakov Y. Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects // GCB Bioenergy. 2016. V. 8. P. 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12266
- Wardle D., Zackrisson O., Nilsson M.C. The charcoal effect in Boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences // Oecologia. 1998. V. 115. P. 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050536
- Watzinger A., Feichtmair S., Kitzler B. et al. Soil microbial communities responded to biochar application in temperate soils and slowly metabolized 13C-labelled biochar as revealed by 13C PLFA analyses: results from a short-term incubation and pot experiment // Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2014. V. 65(1). P. 40–51.
- Weng Z., Van Zwieten L., Singh B.P., Kimber S., Morris S., Cowie A., Macdonald L.M. Plant-biochar interactions drive the negative priming of soil organic carbon in an annual ryegrass field system // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2015. V. 90. P. 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.005
- Whitman T.L., Enders A., Lehmann J. Pyrogenic carbon additions to soil counteract positive priming of soil carbon mineralization by plants // Soil Biol. Biochem. 2014. V. 73. P. 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOILBIO.2014.02.009
- Woolf D., Lehmann J., Joseph S., Campbell C., Christo F.C., Angenent L.T. An open-source biomass pyrolysis reactor // Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2017. V. 11. P. 945–954.
- Wu D., Senbayram M., Zang H., Ugurlar F., Aydemir S., Brüggemann N., Kuzyakov Y., Bol, R., Blagodatskaya E. Effect of biochar origin and soil pH on greenhouse gas emissions from sandy and clay soils // Appl. Soil Ecol. 2018. V. 129. P. 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.05.009
- Zavalloni C., Alberti G., Biasiol S., Vedove G.D., Fornasier F., Liu J., Peressotti A. Microbial mineralization of biochar and wheat straw mixture in soil: a short-term study // Applied Soil Ecology. 2011. V. 50. P.45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.07.012
- Zhang Q., Xiao J., Xue J., Zhang L. Quantifying the Effects of Biochar Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils: A Global Meta-Analysis // Sustainability. 2020. V. 12. P. 3436. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083436
- Zhang A., Liu Y., Pan G., Hussain Q., Li L., Zheng J., Zhang X. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain // Plant Soil. 2011. V. 351. P. 263–275.
- Zimmerman A.R., Gao B., Ahn M.-Y. Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils // Soil Boil. Biochem. 2011. V. 43. P. 1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.005