卷 103, 编号 7 (2016)

Type Ia supernovae produce very powerful burst of light, which can be observed to high redshift. This fact is very attractive for cosmological applications. For supernova light curve modeling, it is very important to know the amount of Fe and Ni, formed during the explosion. In this paper, we explore both the chemical composition of the ejected supernova shells and the possibility of weak r-process under increased neutron excess number based on a set of trajectories of tracer particles, calculated in a hydrodynamic model of SNIa explosion. It is shown that no r-process elements are synthesized in the considered supernova model, even for an increased neutron excess number (Y_e ∼ 0.4) because of the slow evolution of temperature and density along chosen trajectories. The results of explosive nucleosynthesis are discussed.

A new method for the experimental determination of the characteristics of the electron scattering in a metal on the basis of optical-to-terahertz conversion has been proposed. It has been shown that the measurement of the characteristics of a low-frequency signal generated at the reflection of a femtosecond laser pulse from the surface of the metal makes it possible to determine the temperature dependence of the electron collision frequency and to reconstruct the dynamics of heating and heat transfer. The existing experimental data on the optical-to-terahertz conversion on the surface of the metal have been analyzed in terms of diagnostics.

Spin-dependent effects on vortex light beams propagating in an inhomogeneous medium are demonstrated by solving the full three-component field Maxwell equations using the perturbation analysis. It is found that the hybrid Laguerre–Gauss modes with polarization-orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement are the vector solutions of the Maxwell equations in a graded-index medium. Focusing of linearly and circularly polarized vortex light beams in a cylindrical graded-index medium is investigated. It is shown that the vortex light beam undergoes an additional transverse force acting differently on circular polarized beams with opposite handedness. The wave shape variation with distance taking into account the spin–orbit and nonparaxial effects is analyzed. Effect of long-term periodical revival of wave packets due to mode interference in a graded-index cylindrical optical waveguide is demonstrated.

As the threshold field strength for the breakdown in air significantly exceeds the maximum measured thundercloud strength 3 kV/cm/atm, the problem of lightning initiation remains unclear. According to the popular idea, lightning can be initiated from streamer discharges developed in the enhanced electric field in a vicinity of hydrometeors. To test the idea, we carry out numerical simulations of positive streamer development around charged water drops at air pressure typical at thundercloud altitudes and at different background fields, drop sizes and charges. With real drop sizes and charges, the electric field required for the streamer formation is stronger than the measured fields; therefore, second mechanism is required to amplify the local field.

Phase transitions of the layered antiferromagnetic Ising model on a cubic lattice with allowance for intralayer next nearest neighbor interactions in the range of 0.0 ⩽ r < 1.0 have been studied on the basis of the replica algorithm by the Monte Carlo method. The character of phase transitions has been analyzed on the basis of the histogram method and the Binder cumulant method. The phase diagram of the dependence of the critical temperature on the next nearest neighbor interaction has been constructed. It has been shown that a secondorder phase transition is observed in the interval of 0.0 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.5 and for the value r = 0.9 and a first-order phase transition is observed in the interval of 0.6 ⩽ r < 0.8.

Equilibrium lengths and binding energies, vibrational frequencies, width of the HOMO–LUMO gap, and the magnetic anisotropy energies for one- and two-component dimers of heavy p elements of Groups IV (Sn, Pb), V (Sb, Bi), and VI (Se, Te) with a pronounced relativistic effect have been calculated with the use of the formalism of the density functional theory. It has been shown that it is necessary to take into account the spin–orbit coupling, which significantly affects the energy parameters of clusters. The analysis of the data obtained has revealed that the Pb–Te, Pb–Se, Sn–Te, and Sn–Se dimers have the widest gap at the Fermi level and the lowest reactivity. The magnetic anisotropy energy has been calculated for all single- and doublecomponent dimers and the direction of the easy magnetization axis has been determined.

Pronounced conductance due to electrons experiencing Andreev reflection from a superconducting condensate has been observed in superconductor (aluminum)–insulator (aluminum oxide)–normal metal (copper) tunnel junctions at low voltages, along with single-electron tunneling. It has been discovered experimentally that the collective current is suppressed in the magnetic field parallel to the tunnel junction plane and the Andreev conductance decreases nearly twofold in a field of ∼20–30 mT.

Two integrable cases of two-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a magnetic field are proposed. Using the polar coordinates and the symmetrical gauge, we will obtain solutions of these equations through biconfluent and confluent Heun functions. The quantization rules will be derived for both systems under consideration.

An analytical solution has been obtained for the spherical isothermal expansion of the outer layer of a ball whose mass increases at a constant areal density of the heated layer, which is equal to the product of the initial values of the depth of heating and the density of the layer for the entire time of expansion into vacuum. This solution differs from the known solution for the isothermal spherical expansion of a given mass of a material in a slower decrease in the density and, as a result, in the pressure of the expanding material with the time. In particular, it describes the expansion of the boundary layer of the ball heated by a flow of fast electrons in application to the problem of the ignition of an inertial confinement fusion target by a shock wave induced because of the heating of the target by the flow of laser-accelerated fast electrons (shock ignition).